BOTANY: June 2011

Thursday, June 30, 2011

Padma Vibhushan award 2011

Homai Vyarawalla (born 1913), commonly known by her pseudonym "Dalda 13," is India's first woman photojournalist. Starting in late 1930s she retired in the early 1970s. In 2011, she was chosen for the second highest civilian award Padma Vibhushan by Govt. of India

2011	Shri A Nageshwara Rao	Arts	Andhra Pradesh
2011	Dr. (Smt.) Kapila Vatsyayan	Arts	Delhi
2011	Mrs. Homai Vyarawalla	Arts	Gujarat
2011	Shri K. Parasaran	Public Affairs	Delhi
2011	Dr. Akhlaq-ur-Rehman Kidwai	Public Affairs	Delhi
2011	Shri Vijay Kelkar	Public Affairs	Delhi
2011	Shri Montek Singh Ahluwalia	Public Affairs	Delhi
2011	Shri Palle Rama Rao	Science	Andhra Pradesh
2011	Shri Azim Premji	Trade and Industry	Karnataka
2011	Shri Brajesh Mishra	Civil Service	Madhya Pradesh
2011	Prof. (Dr.) Ottaplakkal Neelakandan Velu Kurup	Literature	Kerala
2011	Dr. Sitakant Mahapatra	Literature	Orissa
2011	Shri Lakshmi Chand Jain	Public Affairs	Delhi

Tuesday, June 28, 2011

UPPSC Combined State/Upper Subordinate Services (Pre.) Exam. 2011 GENERAL STUDIES SOLUTION

UTTAR PRADESH Combined State/Upper Subordinate Services (Pre.) Exam. 2011

Exam Date 26-06-2011

GENERAL STUDIES SOLUTION

SERIES : B

1. A …..vitamin A is not formed in our body.

2. C....Zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) is an inorganic chemical compound. Metal phosphides have been used as rodenticides

3. B

4. Boric acid, also called hydrogen borate or boracic acid or orthoboric acid or acidum boricum, is a weak acid of boron often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, as a neutron absorber, and as a precursor of other chemical compounds.

5. A

6. B

7. D

8. A.....The retina acts much like the film in a camera.

9. Anosmia is a lack of functioning olfaction, or in other words, an inability to perceive odours.

10. A

11. C.....Gambusia can be introduced into ponds to eat mosquito larvae.

12. B

13. D

14. B

15. C.....The Chandrasekhar limit is the mass above which electron degeneracy pressure ... a different type of stellar remnant, such as a neutron star or black hole

16. B

17. B

18. D

19. B

20. D....Archie is a tool for indexing FTP archives, allowing people to find specific files. It is considered to be the first Internet search engine

21. A

22. A

23. C....A bone mineral density (BMD) test measures how much calcium and other types of minerals are present in a section of your bone

24. D....The Uttarakhand Government has declared Sanskrit as the second official language of the State.

25. C

26. C

27. D

28. B

29. C...Astra[3] (Sanskrit: अस्त्र, Astra "Weapon") is an active radar homing beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile (BVRAAM) developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), India.

30. C

31. D....Mahabali's rule is considered the golden era of Kerala. The following song is often sung over Onam:

32. B...

33. A

34. C,,...Union Budget 2011-12: Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee announced loans at an interest rate of 4 per cent for farmers

35. B....atha poo a flower decoration during the festival of onam by athira

36. A.....Durga Lal was a renowned Kathak dancer from Jaipur in Indian state of Rajasthan

37. C

38. D

39. C……largest producer of sugar is maharashtra .u.p is largest sugar cane producer

40. C

41. B....A standard, commercial letter of credit (LC[1]) is a document issued mostly by a financial institution, used primarily in trade finance, which usually provides an irrevocable payment undertaking.The letter of credit can also be payment for a transaction, meaning that redeeming the letter of credit pays an exporter.

42. D.......Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Limited, was established in the year 1957 by the Government of India to strengthen the export promotion STC;Government owned company dealing mainly in bulk international trade. MMTC CMD Shri Sanjiv Batra Received the EEPC National award for Export excellence for the year 2007-08 from Hon'ble Minister of Commerce Shri Anand Sharma

43. A

44. A

45. B

46. A

47. A

48. D

49. B

50. C

51. A ?

52. B

53. A

54. C

55. ?

56. D

57. D

58. A

59. C...Mandav is a town and a nagar panchayat in Dhar district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.

60. D .....Okha is a small costal town near Jamnagar, Gujarat/Veraval (Gujarati:વેરાવળ, Hindi:वेरावल) is a city and a municipality in Junagadh district in the Indian state of GujaratPorbandar (Gujarati પોરબંદર) About this sound pronunciation (help·info) is a coastal city in the Indian state of Gujarat

61. C

62. B

63. D

64. A......World Bank Chairman Robert B. Zoellick and Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar sign a $220 million loan for Kosi rebuilding.

65. C

66. D...Youth Film Festival. Presents. International Hellth Film Festival ( 1st Medifilmfest) Asian Film Festival New Delhi

67. C

68. B

69. D

70. A......Mother Teresa Award 2011. He played the evil anti-hero in Bollywood for decades but Prem Chopra

71. C

72. B

73. B

74. A.......Girija Devi (Hindi: गिरिजा देवी; IAST: Girijā Devī) (born 1929) is an Indian classical singer of the Banaras gharana

75. C.....Akbarpur (Hindi: अकबरपुर, Urdu: اکبر پور) is a town and a nagar panchayat in Kanpur Dehat district in the state of Uttar Pradesh

76. C

77. B

78. B

79. D

80. B....State bird in a perilous state. Although designated as the offical bird of Uttar Pradesh, the Sarus crane

81. C....Hanuman Prasad Poddar was the founding and the lifetime editor of its noted magazine, Kalyan.

82. B

83. C......high of 1084 in Kerala to a low of 877 in Haryana. Other major States with a low sex ratio include Punjab (893), Uttar Pradesh (908), Bihar (916), Gujarat (918), Maharashtra (925) and Rajasthan (926).

84. C....CHARKULA DANCE. The spectacular dance from Braj region of Uttar Pradesh - the land of Lord Krishna and his consort - Radha.

85. D

86. B...Lee Chong Wei took a call from Malaysia's prime minister after successfully defending his All England Championships

87. C

88. A....Veteran midfielder Arjun Halappa replaced Rajpal Singh as the captain of the Indian hockey team for the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup next month

89. C

90. B

91. D.......The Stanley Cup (French: La Coupe Stanley) is an ice hockey club trophy, awarded annually to the National Hockey League (NHL) playoffs champion

92. B

93. D.....The smash is the main attacking shot used in volleyball

94. A

95. C

96. A

97. B

98. A

99. D

100.B

101.D

102.D

103.D

104.C

105.A

106.B

107.C

108.A

109.A...Green Development: Environment and Sustainability in the Third World, 2nd edn. ...... Bradshaw, M. J. (1977) Earth, the Living Planet

110.D

111.A

112.D......Takashi Hirose "Nuclear Reactor Time Bomb".

113.B....World Water Day has been observed on March 22 since 1993

114.D......Periyar is really famous for its wild elephants

115.C....After Mumbai, Delhi has the second largest slum Population in India. Nearly 1.8 million people lives in slum areas in capital

116.?

117.B

118.D

119.D

120.?

121.C

122.ALL 4 CURRECT....

123.A

124.? A

125.C

126.A

127.A

128.B

129.D

130.C

131.C

132.C

133.D

134.D

135.D

136.B

137.B

138.C

139.B

140.C

141.A

142.?..C

143.C.

144.A.

145.D...The message of swadeshi and boycott soon spread to the rest of the country: Lokmanya Tilak took the movement to different parts of India, especially Poona and Bombay, Ajit Singh and Lala Lajpat Rai spread the swadeshi message in Punjab and other parts of northern India; Syed Haidar Raza set up the agenda in Delhi.

146.? A

147.?

148.D

149.B

150.? D

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Monday, June 27, 2011

CTET 2011 Answer Key

CTET 2011 Answer Key

Paper-I Primary Classes (set-D)

01. (3) 02. (2) 03. (4) 04. (4) 05. (3) 06. (4) 07. (3) 08. (3) 09. (4) 10. (1) 11. (2) 12. (1) 13. (3) 14. (3) 15. (2) 16. (1) 17. (3) 18. (2) 19. (2) 20. (4) , 21. (3) 22. (2) 23. (4) 24. (1) 25. (2) 26. (1) 27. (1) 28. (2) 29. (2) 30. (4) 31. (3) 32. (2) 33. (4) 34. (2) 35. (2) 36. (1) 37. (2) 38. (3) 39. (1) 40. (2) 41. (1) 42. (4) 43. (3) 44. (1) 45. (2) 46. (3) 47. (3) 48. (3) 49. (4) 50. (2) 51. (3) 52. (2) 53. (2) 54. (2) 55. (1) 56. (3) 57. (1) 58. (2) 59. (3) 60. (4) 61. (4) 62. (1) 63. (4) 64. (1) 65. (4) 66. (4) 67. (2) 68. (3) 69. (3) 70. (2) 71. (3) 72. (2) 73. (2) 74. (3) 75. (3) 76. (2) 77. (4) 78. (1) 79. (3) 80. (4) 81. (1) 82. (4) 83. (3) 84. (4) 85. (2) 86. (4) 87. (2) 88. (2) 89. (2) 90. (1) 91. (1) 92. (2) 93. (1) 94. (4) 95. (2) 96. (2) 97. (2) 98. (1) 99. (2) 100. (3) 101. (1) 102. (4) 103. (2) 104. (2) 105. (2) 106. (2) 107. (3) 108. (3) 109. (1) 110. (2) 111. (2) 112. (1) 113. (2) 114. (2) 115. (4) 116. (4) 117. (1) 118. (4) 119. (2) 120. (1) 121. (1) 122. (4) 123. (3) 124. (4) 125. (1) 126. (1) 127. (4) 128. (4) 129. (1) 130. (3) 131. (2) 132. (1) 133. (2) 134. (2) 135. (3) 136. (2) 137. (1) 138. (1) 139. (2) 140. (2) 141. (1) 142. (3) 143. (3) 144. (1) 145. (3) 146. (1) 147. (1) 148. (3) 149. (3) 150. (2)

Download Paper 1 Set A
Download Paper 1 Set B
Download Paper 1 Set C
Download Paper 1 Set D
SET 2 ALL SET
Download Paper 2 Set P
Download Paper 2 Set R

CTET 2011 Answer Key

Paper-II Secondary Classes (set-S)

01. (2)	31. (4)	61. (2)	91. (2)	121. (1)
02. (4)	32. (3)	62. (3)	92. (2)	122. (4)
03. (3)	33. (2)	63. (1)	93. (1)	123. (1)
04. (1)	34. (2)	64. (4)	94. (2)	124. (3)
05. (4)	35. (2)	65. (2)	95. (2)	125. (3)
06. (3)	36. (4)	66. (1)	96. (2)	126. (2)
07. (3)	37. (4)	67. (4)	97. (2)	127. (3)
08. (2)	38. (4)	68. (2)	98. (4)	128. (3)
09. (1)	39. (3)	69. (1)	99. (3)	129. (1)
10. (3)	40. (4)	70. (2)	100. (1)	130. (3)
11. (1)	41. (4)	71. (2)	101. (4)	131. (3)
12. (2)	42. (3)	72. (3)	102. (4)	132. (2)
13. (3)	43. (4)	73. (3)	103. (2)	133. (1)
14. (4)	44. (4)	74. (1)	104. (1)	134. (4)
15. (1)	45. (2)	75. (1)	105. (4)	135. (3)
16. (3)	46. (4)	76. (3)	106. (4)	136. (2)
17. (1)	47. (2)	77. (1)	107. (1)	137. (2)
18. (3)	48. (4)	78. (4)	108. (2)	138. (1)
19. (3)	49. (4)	79. (1)	109. (2)	139. (2)
20. (1)	50. (3)	80. (1)	110. (3)	140. (3)
21. (4)	51. (2)	81. (2)	111. (2)	141. (2)
22. (1)	52. (1)	82. (2)	112. (1)	142. (2)
23. (4)	53. (1)	83. (3)	113. (4)	143. (2)
24. (2)	54. (3)	84. (2)	114. (2)	144. (2)
25. (2)	55. (2)	85. (1)	115. (1)	145. (2)
26. (4)	56. (1)	86. (3)	116. (3)	146. (2)
27. (4)	57. (4)	87. (3)	117. (4)	147. (2)
28. (2)	58. (1)	88. (4)	118. (2)	148. (3)
29. (4)	59. (2)	89. (3)	119. (2)	149. (1)
30. (4)	60. (2)	90. (3)	120. (4)	150. (2)

Note : Answers for Maths & Science and Social Science are same.

Answers for Language-1 and Language-2 are same for their options.

UPSC - GS 2011 Answer Key

UPSC - GS 2011 Answer Key

Section1
Q.	Ans.
1	B
2	D
3	A
4	B
5	?
6	C
7	?
8	B
9	B
10	D
11	C
12	D
13	C
14	B
15	D
16	D
17	D
18	A
19	A
20	C
21	B
22	B
23	C
24	B
25	C
26	D
27	?
28	B
29	A
30	A
31	B
32	A
33	C
34	D
35	A
36	B
37	C
38	D
39	D
40
41	D
42	B
43	D
44	A
45	D
46	D
47	D
48	C
49	A
50	A
51	B
52	D
53	D
54	C
55	C
56	C
57	A
58	C
59	B
60	?
61	D
62	D
63	A
64	C
65	A
66	A
67	B
68	A
69	B
70	B
71	B
72	B
73	A
74	B
75	C
76	D
77	A
78	B
79	B
80	A
81	D
82	D
83	A
84	B
85	D
86	?
87	B
88	A
89	A
90	C
91	C
92	B
93	C
94	A
95	D
96	C
97	?
98	B
99	B
100	C

Section1
Q.	Ans.
1	D
2	A
3	B
4	B
5	A
6	D
7	D
8	A
9	B
10	D
11
12	B
13	A
14	A
15	C
16	D
17	D
18	C
19	A
20	A
21	B
22	D
23	D
24	C
25	C
26	C
27	A
28	C
29	B
30
31	C
32	B
33	C
34	A
35	D
36	C
37
38	B
39	B
40	C
41	B
42	D
43	A
44	B
45
46	C
47
48	B
49	B
50	D
51	C
52	D
53	C
54	B
55	D
56	B
57	A
58	C
59	D
60	A
61	B
62	C
63	D
64	D
65
66	D
67	B
68	D
69	A
70	D
71	D
72	D
73	A
74	C
75	A
76	A
77	B
78	A
79	B
80	B
81	B
82	B
83	A
84	B
85	C
86	D
87	D
88	A
89	A
90	C
91	B
92	B
93	C
94	B
95	C
96	D
97
98	B
99	A
100	A

Section1
Q.	Ans.
1	C
2	B
3	C
4	A
5	D
6	C
7
8	B
9	B
10	C
11	B
12	A
13	C
14	D
15	A
16	B
17	C
18	D
19	D
20
21	D
22	B
23	D
24	A
25	D
26	D
27	A
28	B
29	B
30	A
31	D
32	D
33	A
34	B
35	D
36
37	B
38	A
39	A
40	C
41	D
42	D
43	A
44	C
45	A
46	A
47	B
48	A
49	B
50	B
51	B
52	B
53	A
54	B
55	C
56	D
57	D
58	C
59	A
60	A
61	B
62	D
63	D
64	C
65	C
66	C
67	A
68	C
69	B
70
71	D
72	D
73	A
74	A
75	C
76	B
77	B
78	C
79	B
80	C
81	D
82
83	B
84	A
85	A
86	B
87	D
88	A
89	B
90
91	C
92
93	B
94	B
95	D
96	C
97	D
98	C
99	B
100	D

Section1
Q.	Ans.
1	D
2	D
3	A
4	C
5	A
6	A
7	B
8	A
9	B
10	B
11	B
12	B
13	A
14	B
15	C
16	B
17	D
18	A
19	B
20
21	C
22
23	B
24	B
25	D
26	C
27	D
28	C
29	B
30	D
31	D
32	D
33	C
34	A
35	A
36	B
37	D
38	D
39	C
40	C
41	C
42	A
43	C
44	B
45
46	D
47	A
48	B
49	B
50	A
51	D
52	D
53	A
54	B
55	D
56
57	B
58	A
59	A
60	C
61	D
62	D
63	A
64	A
65	C
66	B
67	B
68	C
69	B
70	C
71	D
72
73	B
74	A
75	A
76	C
77	B
78	C
79	A
80	D
81	C
82
83	B
84	B
85	C
86	B
87	A
88	C
89	D
90	A
91	B
92	C
93	D
94	D
95
96	D
97	B
98	D
99	A
100	D

CSAT 2011 ANSWER KEY PAPER – II (SET – D)

CSAT 2011 ANSWER KEY PAPER – II (SET – D)

01        D    41        D
02        B    42        A
03        D    43        B
04        C    44        B
05        D    45        B
06        A    46        C
07        C    47        D
08        D    48        D
09        B    49        A
10        A    50        B
11        A    51        D
12        C    52        D
13        A    53        C
14        D    54        C
15        C    55        A
16        D    56        B
17        D    57        D
18        C    58        B
19        C    59        B
20        D    60        B
21        C    61        C
22        A    62        C
23        C    63        C
24        C    64        B
25        C    65        A
26        D    66        A
27        B    67        A
28        D    68        C
29        B    69        C
30        B    70        D
31        A    71        B
32        C    72        D
33        A    73        A
34        B    74        B
35        C    75        C
36        A    76        A
37        B    77        B
38        C    78        C
39        A    79        B
40        B    80        A

UPPSC PRE 2011 BOTANY SOLUTION

UTTAR PRADESH Combined State/Upper Subordinate Services (Pre.) Exam. 2011

Exam Date 26-06-2011

SERIES :C

Q.1 Plant grow sand stone………………………….Q.120..LAW OF independent…

DOWNLOAD PDF FILE

1. C	31. B	61. A	91. C
2. A	32. D	62. C	92. A
3. B	33. B	63. B	93. D
4. A	34. ? D	64. A	94. B
5. B	35. A	65. C	95. B
6. C	36. A	66. D	96. B
7. B	37. A	67. D	97. C
8. A	38. C	68. B	98. C
9. D	39. D	69. D	99. D
10. B	40. C	70. B	100.A
11. A	41. C	71. D	101.B
12. C	42. C	72. A	102.C
13. B	43. D	73. A	103.D
14. A	44. B	74. B	104.D
15. A	45. A	75. B	105.B
16. A	46. A	76. B	106.B
17. D	47. A	77. C	107.D
18. C	48. A	78. A	108.C
19. A	49. D	79. A	109.?
20. B	50. A	80. C	110.C
21. B	51. A	81. D	111.B
22. A	52. A	82. B	112.B
23. B	53. A	83. C	113.D
24. B	54. A	84. C	114.A
25. D	55. B	85. D	115.C
26. D	56. B	86. D	116.D
27. A	57. D	87. B	117.D
28. C	58. B	88. D	118.B
29. D	59. B	89. B	119.C
30. D	60. C	90. C	120.D

Saturday, June 25, 2011

Question Papers of UGC NET Exam December 2004 to December 2010

Question Papers of UGC NET Exam December 2004 to December 2010

Subject Code	Subject
00	General Paper on Teaching & Research Aptitude (Paper -I)
01	Economics / Rural Economics /Co-operation / Demography / Development Planning/ Development Studies/Econometrics/ Applied Economics/Development Eco./Business Economics
02	Political Science
03	Philosophy
04	Psychology
05	Sociology
06	History
07	Anthropology
08	Commerce
09	Education
10	Social Work
11	Defence and Strategic Studies
12	Home Science
14	Public Administration
15	Population Studies
16	Music
17	Management (including Business Admn. Mgt./Marketing/ Marketing Mgt./Industrial Relations and Personnel Mgt./ Personnel Mgt./Financial Mgt./Co-operative Management)
18	Maithili
19	Bengali
20	Hindi
21	Kannada
22	Malayalam
23	Oriya
24	Punjabi
25	Sanskrit
26	Tamil
27	Telugu
28	Urdu
29	Arabic
30	English
31	Linguistics
32	Chinese
33	Dogri
34	Nepali
35	Manipuri
36	Assamese
37	Gujarati
38	Marathi
39	French (English Version)
40	Spanish
41	Russian
42	Persian
43	Rajasthani
44	German
45	Japanese
46	Adult Education/ Continuing Education/ Andragogy/ Non Formal Education.
47	Physical Education
49	Arab Culture and Islamic Studies
50	Indian Culture
55	Labour Welfare/Personnel Management/Industrial Relations/ Labour and Social Welfare/Human Resource Management
58	Law
59	Library and Information Science
60	Buddhist, Jaina, Gandhian and Peace Studies
62	Comparative Study of Religions
63	Mass Communication and Journalism
65	Performing Art – Dance/Drama/Theatre
66	Museology & Conservation
67	Archaeology
68	Criminology
70	Tribal and Regional Language/Literature
71	Folk Literature
72	Comparative Literature
73	Sanskrit traditional subjects (including) Jyotisha/Sidhanta Jyotish/ Navya Vyakarna/ Vyakarna/ Mimansa/ Navya Nyaya/ Sankhya Yoga/ Tulanatmaka Darsan/ Shukla Yajurveda/ Madhav Vedant/ Dharmasasta/ Sahitya/ Puranotihasa /Agama).
74	Women Studies
79	Visual Art (including Drawing & Painting/Sculpture Graphics/Applied Art/History of Art)
80	Geography
81	Social Medicine & Community Health
82	Forensic Science
83	Pali
84	Kashmiri
85	Konkani
87	Computer Science and Applications
88	Electronic Science
89	Environmental Sciences
90	Politics including International Relations/International Studies including Defence/Strategic Studies, West Asian Studies, South East Asian Studies, African Studies, South Asian Studies, Soviet Studies, American Studies.
91	Prakrit
92	Human Rights and Duties
93	Tourism Administration and Management.

Tuesday, June 21, 2011

UPMSSCB TGT BIOLOGY, SOCIAL SCIENCE & PHYSICAL EDUCATION RESULT 20-02-2011

Tuesday, June 14, 2011

An Voice of Indian against corruption in support of Ramdev And Hazare movement……By Sonu

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Key Answer-Sheet of Optional Subjects (Series A, B, C, & D) of Review / Asstt. Review Officer Etc. (P) Exam

KEY ANSWERS

Key Answer-Sheet of Optional Subjects (Series A, B, C, & D) of Review / Asstt. Review Officer Etc. (P) Exam. 2010 (Uploaded on 14.06.2011-On display till 19.06.2011)
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Sub.Code	Subject	Keysheet
61	GENERAL STUDIES	[A]	[B]	[C]	[D]
62	GENERAL HINDI	[A]	[B]	[C]	[D]

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UGC NET Result - UGC NET December 2010 Result

UGC NET Result - UGC NET December 2010 Result - check now - www.ugc.ac.in : The National Eligibility Test (NET) is conducted every year in June & December for the Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) & Eligibility for Lectureship by University Grants Commission (UGC). The result of UGC NET June 2010 has already published online at the main official website of the UGC i.e. www.ugc.ac.in. UGC NET Dec 2010 Result will be published soon on the same. Candidates, who has appeared the UGC NET December 2010 will get the result easily by visit link given as follow.

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Thursday, June 9, 2011

पृथ्वी-2 का एक बार फिर सफल परीक्षण

पृथ्वी-2 मिसाइल

परमाणु हथियार ले जाने सकने वाली ये मिसाइल 350 किलोमीटर तक मार कर सकती है.

भारत ने परमाणु हथियार ले जाने में सक्षम स्वदेश निर्मित बैलिस्टिक मिसाइल पृथ्वी-2 का एक बार फिर सफल परीक्षण किया है. उड़ीसा के चांदीपुर केन्द्र पर किया गया.

पांच सौ से एक हजार किलोग्राम तक परमाणु हथियार ले जाने सकने वाली ये मध्यम दूरी तक मार करने में सक्षम है. ये मिसाइल 350 किलोमीटर तक मार कर सकती है.

दुनिया के सबसे महंगे शहर

दुनिया के सबसे महंगे शहरों की लिस्ट में सबसे ऊपर जापान की राजधानी टोक्यो का नाम है। अंतरराष्ट्रीय एजेंसी ईसीए इंटरनेशनल द्वारा बेहद खर्चीले शहरों की लिस्ट में टोक्यो को यह खिताब दिया गया है। इस लिस्ट में भारत के भी कई शहरों का नाम है। लिस्ट में दिल्ली को 38वें पायदान पर रखा गया है जबकी मुंबई 43वें स्थान पर है। वहीं बेंगलूर 46वें, चेन्नई 47वें, हैदराबाद 48वें, पुणे 50वें और कोलकाता को भी 51वें स्थान पर जगह दी गई है।

इंदिरा गांधी राष्ट्रीय वृद्धावस्था पेंशन के लिये पात्रता की आयु सीमा ६५ वर्ष से घटाकर ६० वर्ष करने के प्रस्ताव को आज मंजूरी दे दी। सूचना प्रसारण मंत्री अम्बिका सोनी ने यहां बताया कि प्रधानमंत्री मनमोहन ङ्क्षसह की अध्यक्षता में हुई मंत्रिमंडल की बैठक में इसके साथ ही ८० वर्ष और उससे अधिक उम्र के लोगों के लिये इस पेंशन की राशि २०० रूपये से बढ़ाकर ५०० रूपये करने के प्रस्ताव का भी अनुमोदन

Wednesday, June 8, 2011

Anna Hazare Biography

Anna Hazare Biography :

From a tenacious soldier to a social reformer, and a right to information crusader, Anna Hazare’s journey of four decades has been unprecedented in terms of a non-violent yet effective campaign of resurrecting a barren village into an `ideal village’ model and empowering the faceless citizen through pioneering work on Right to Information. His efforts to empower grampanchayats, protect efficient government officers from frequent transfers and fight against the red tapism in government offices have also received accolades.

His tryst with the army came when many Indian soldiers became martyrs in the Indo-China War of 1962 and the Government of India had appealed to young Indians to join the Indian army. Being passionate about patriotism, he promptly responded to the appeal and joined the Indian Army in 1963. During his 15-year tenure as a soldier, he was posted to several states like Sikkim, Bhutan, Jammu-Kashmir, Assam, Mizoram, Leh and Ladakh and braved challenging weathers.
At times, Hazare used to be frustrated with life and wondered about the very existence of human life. His mind yearned to look out for a solution to this simple and basic question. His frustration reached the peak level and at one particular moment, he also contemplated suicide. For this, he had also penned a two page essay on why he wants to live no more. Fortunately for him, inspiration came from the most unexpected quarters – at the book stall of the railway station of New Delhi, where he was located then. He came across a book of Swami Vivekananda and immediately bought it.

He was inspired by Vivekananda’s photograph on the cover. As he started reading the book, he found answers to all his questions, he says. The book revealed to him that the ultimate motive of human life should be service to humanity. Striving for the betterment of common people is equivalent to offering a prayer to the God, he realized.

In the year 1965, Pakistan attacked India and at that time, Hazare was posted at the Khemkaran border. On November 12, 1965, Pakistan launched air attacks on Indian base and all of Hazare’s comrades became martyrs, It was a close shave for Hazare as one bullet had passed by his head. Hazare believes this was the turning point of his life as it meant he had a purpose to life.

Anna was greatly influenced by Swami Vivekananda’s teachings. It was at that particular moment that Hazare took an oath to dedicate his life in the service of humanity, at the age of 26. He decided not not to let go of a life time by being involved merely in earning the daily bread for the family. That’s the reason why he pledged to be a bachelor. By then he had completed only three years in the army and so would not be eligible for the pension scheme. In order to be self-sufficient, he continued to be in the army for 12 more years. After that, he opted for voluntary retirement and returned to his native place in Ralegan Siddhi, in the Parner tehsil of Ahmednagar district.

While in the army, Hazare used to visit Ralegan Siddhi for two months every year and used to see the miserable condition of farmers due to water scarcity. Ralegan Siddhi falls in the drought-prone area with a mere 400 to 500 mm of annual rainfall. There were no weirs to retain rainwater. During the month of April and May, water tankers were the only means of drinking water. Almost 80 per cent of the villagers were dependent on other villages for food grains. Residents used to walk for more than four to six kilometers in search of work and some of them had opted to open country liquor dens as a source of income.

More than 30-35 such dens located in and around the village had tarnished the dignity of the village and marred the social peace. Small scuffles, thefts and physical brawls resulted in loss of civic sense. Morality had reached such a nadir that some of the residents stole wooden logs of the temple of the village deity Yadavbaba to burn the choolah of one of the country liquor outfits.

Hazare came across the work of one Vilasrao Salunke, a resident of Saswad near Pune who had started a novel project of water management through watershed development in a joint venture with the Gram Panchyat. Hazare visited the project and decided to implement it in Ralegan Siddhi. By keeping an eye on conserving every drop of water and preventing erosion of the fertile soil, he steered the villagers to begin working towards water conservation. At the outset, they completed 48 Nala Bunding work, contour trenches, staggered trenches, gully plugs, meadows development and of forestation of 500 hectares of land. Thereafter, they constructed five RCC weirs and 16 Gabion Weirs.

This resulted in increase in the ground water level. After that, Hazare along with his team worked out the cropping pattern suitable to the quality of soil and the water volume available for farming. This led to increase in the water table by making water available for 1,500 acres of land instead of 300 acres. As a natural sequel, this effort led to yielding of food-grains and the villagers became self-sufficient in terms of food. The table turned turtle – earlier there was no work available for the villagers, now manpower was required to be imported from neighbouring villages.

The changes in the economics brought all the villagers under one roof of unity and people voluntarily contributed in terms of labour and money to build a school, a hostel, a temple and other buildings. Mass marriages, grains bank, dairy, cooperative society, self-help groups for women and youth mandals helped develop the village in all aspects and gave a new face to it.

Hazare opines that proper planning of natural and human resources can result in the betterment of a person, area, village instead of exploiting such resources. He says, ``Today we all are exploiting the earthen resources like petrol, diesel, kerosene, coal and water. This can never be termed as perennial development as it is going to lead a state of destruction one day. The sources of energy are limited and hence I am concerned about the next generations. Today many of the villages of almost every state are feeling the brunt of water shortage. Building concrete jungles does not mean development as Gandhiji had rightly said.

Creation of a human idol should be the main objective rather than creating towering buildings. Surely, one needs to live for oneself and the family but simultaneously one owes something to your neighbour, your village and your nation too. For this, you need an idol who could lead to this goal. Such leadership is not created by power or money but only by virtues like pure thinking, matching action and willingness to sacrifice. It is the thumb rule of farming that – When a seed buries itself, it leads to a better yield. in order to get better yield of grains, one single grain needs to burry itself.

The society needs such volunteers who are ready to get buried in selfless service for the better future of the society.’’

Hazare’s Ralegan Siddhi became the first role model of an ideal village and has become a tourist spot for many visitors across the nation, since it shows the metamorphoses from the worst village to an ideal village. Visitors include politicians, researchers, social workers and students. Four postgraduate students have completed Ph. D. thesis on Ralegan Siddhi.

Social Life :

Anna rightly thought that Development is marred by corruption and started a new venture in 1991 called Bhrashtachar Virodhi Jan Aandolan (BVJA) or public movement against corruption. It was found that some 42 forest officers had duped the state government for crores of rupees through corruption in confederacy. Hazare submitted the evidences to the government but the latter was reluctant to take action against all these officers as one of the ministers of the ruling party was involved in the scam. A distressed Hazare returned the Padmashree .

Award to the President of India and also returned the Vriksha Mitra Award given by then prime minister of India Rajiv Gandhi.

He further went on an indefinite hunger strike in Alandi on the same issue. Finally, the government woke up from deep slumber and took action against the culprits. Hazare’s sustained campaign on this issue had a great effect - six of the ministers were forced to resign and more than 400 officers from different government offices were sent back to home.

Hazare realized that it was not enough to merely take action against fraudulent ministers or officers but to change the entire system that was studded with loopholes. Hence, he campaigned for the Right to Information Act. The state government turned a blind eye towards the pleas in this regard and so he first agitated in the historical Azad Maidan in Mumbai in the year 1997. To create mass public awareness about RTI amongst the youth, Hazare traveled extensively throughout the state. The government kept promising that RTI Act would be made but never raised this issue in the house or the state assembly. Hazare did not relent – he agitated at least ten times.

Finally, again he went on an indefinite hunger strike at Azad Maidan in the last week of July 2003. At last, the President of India signed the draft of the Right to Information Act after his 12-day-long hunger strike and ordered the state government to implement it with effect from 2002. The same draft was considered as the base document for the making of the National Right to Information Act-2005.

After the implementation of the RTI Act-2005, Hazare travelled for more than 12,000 Kms across the state creating awareness about the Act. In the second phase, he interacted with more than one lakh college students and also conducted mass public meetings across 24 districts of the state. The third phase included daily 2-3 public meetings in more than 155 tehsil places. In this massive campaign, posters, banners were displayed and more than one lakh booklets of the provisions of the Act were distributed at a nominal price.

This created enough of awareness and people were educated on the issue of rights of citizens.

Hazare deservedly won the coveted Padmashree and then Padmabhushan. Care International of the USA, Transparency International, Seoul (South Korea) also felicitated him. Apart from this, he received awards worth Rs 25 lakh and donated the entire amount for the Swami Vivekananda Kritadnyata Nidhi (social gratitude fund). Out of the two lakh rupees received from the above amount, mass marriages are carried of at least 25-30 poor couples every year.

That Hazare has given his life for social betterment is reflected thus: ``I do have my home in the village but I have not entered it for the past 35 years. I have implemented schemes costing more than several crores of rupees but I do not have bank balance. Last 12 years I have been working in the field of eradication of corruption. This movement is run entirely by public support without and grants or sponsorships. I appeal for money wherever I go for a public meeting and urge them to contribute generously. The same money I use to carry out my campaigns. The money collected at such public meetings is counted in front of the villagers and my volunteers issue a receipt of the same on the spot.’’

He further states that, ``The movement that we started many years back without a penny in wallet, has spread its wings in all the 33 districts and 252 tehsils of the state. Hence we have been instrumental in offering rights to local bodies like Gramsabha, preventing red-tapism and initiating the law of transfers. This has prevented corruption on a large scale. This has also resulted in offering social justice to the economically backward class. The Union Government keeps on making various schemes for poor people in availing kerosene, LPG and pulses on ration card but the middlemen keep on gulping the subsidies of the same. Our efforts made these necessities available to the poor.’’

The state government promoted opening of cooperative societies, credit societies & urban banks. Believing in the principles of cooperative sector, the utmost lower class of the society invested their savings with such cooperative societies. However, the directors of such societies devoured the money and failed to pay back the basic amount to the members of the societies. This created havoc and people were duped for crores of rupees and did not have money for the marriages of their daughters or for medical treatment. Hazare agitated for over eight months. The result was that more than Rs 125 crore was recovered from defaulters and the members of such societies heaved a sigh of relief. Recovery of around Rs. 400 crores is in the pipeline.

In the future, the BVJA will work for the decentralisation of power and laws related to the same. Says Hazare, ``we have decided to develop centers to create awareness amongst people about govt. schemes and train activists to know the modus operandi of corruption in each sector. As the state government has decided to set up committees at almost every nodal point like state, district, tehsil, and village level with one member on such committee represented by our organisation. We have trained more than 400 volunteers to work on such committees.’’

Actually the government should train the members of NGOs who can work in the sector of prevention of corruption. Then and then only we can dream of corruption-free state, concludes Hazare.