BOTANY: POLITY

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Saturday, October 5, 2013

भारतीय संविधान

1. भारतीय संविधान तदर्थ न्‍यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति की व्‍यवस्‍था कहॉं करता है?

2. भारत में पंचायती राज से संबंधित 73वां संशोधन अधिनियम कब लागू हुआ?

3. जम्‍मू कश्‍मीर का संविधान कब लागू हुआ?

4. भारत में किसी नये राज्‍य की स्‍थापना किसकी अनुमति से की जा सकती है? ...

5. नीति निर्देशक तत्‍वों का क्रियान्‍यवन किस पर निर्भर करता है?

6. भारत सरकार का कौन सा पदाधिकारी संसद के किसी भी सदन की कार्यवाही में भाग ले सकता है?

7. भारतीय संविधान में प्रदत्‍त मूलभूत अधिकारों को कौन निलम्बित कर सकता है?

8. किसकी अनुमति के बिना राज्‍य की विधान सभा में कोई धन विधेयक पेश नहीं किया जा सकता?

9. वित्‍तमंत्री केन्‍द्रीय बजट को लोकसभा में किस दिन प्रस्‍तुत करता है?

10. वित्‍त आयोग की स्‍थापना का प्राविधान संविधान के किस अनुच्‍छेद के अन्‍तर्गत किया गया है?

11. स्‍वतंत्र भारत के प्रथम लोक सभा अध्‍यक्ष कौन थे?

12. वर्तमान में भारत के लोकसभा उपाध्‍यक्ष कौन हैं?

13. किस वाद में सर्वोच्‍च न्‍यायालय ने मूल अधिकारों में संशोधन करने की संसद की शक्ति को मान्‍य किया?

14. किस संशोधन विधेयक के द्वारा अनुसूचित जाति एवं जनजाति आयोग को वैधानिक दर्जा दिया गया?

15. भारतीय संविधान के किस अनुच्‍छेद के अन्‍तर्गत जम्‍मू-कश्‍मीर को विशेष दर्जा प्राप्‍त है?

उत्‍तरमाला

1. उच्‍चतम न्‍यायालय में

2. 24 अप्रैल, 1994 को

3. 26 जनवरी, 1957

4. संसद की अनुमति से

5. सरकार के पास उपलब्‍ध संसाधनों पर

6. महान्‍यायवादी (एटार्नी जनरल)

7. राष्‍ट्रपति

8. राज्‍यपाल

9. फरवरी के अन्तिम कार्य दिवस में

10. अनु0 250

11. गणेश वासुदेव मावलंकर

12. करिया मुण्‍डा

13. केशवानन्‍द भारती वाद

14. 65वां संविधान संशोधन

15. अनु0 370

Thursday, September 8, 2011

भारत की प्रमुख स्वतंत्र संस्थाएं

योजना आयोग
योजना आयोग की स्थापना भारत सरकार द्वारा मार्च, 1950 में की गई थी। देष में संस्थानों का प्रभावी दोहन कर, उत्पादन बढ़ा कर, सभी को रोजगार के अवसर देकर लोगों के जीवन स्तर में तेजी से सुधार लाने के उद्देश्यों से इस संस्था की स्थापना की गई थी। जवाहरलाल नेहरू योजना आयोग के प्रथम अध्यक्ष थे। फिलहाल इसके अध्यक्ष प्रधानमंत्री मनमोहन सिंह हैं और उपाध्यक्ष एम. एस. अलहूवालिया हैं।

भारतीय चुनाव आयोग
भारतीय चुनाव आयोग एक स्वायत्त एवं अर्ध-न्यायिक संस्था है। इसका गठन भारत में स्तवंत्र एवं निष्पक्ष रूप से प्रतिनिधिक संस्थानों में जन प्रतिनिधि चुनने के लिए किया गया था। भारतीय चुनाव आयोग की स्थापना 25 जनवरी, 1950 को की गई थी। आयोग में वर्तमान में एक मुख्य चुनाव आयुक्त और दो चुनाव आयुक्त होते है। वर्तमान में मुख्य चुनाव आयुक्त एस. वाई. कुरैशी हैं।

संघ लोक सेवा आयोग
संघ लोक सेवा आयोग (यूनियन पब्लिक सर्विस कमीशन) भारत के संविधान द्वारा स्थापित एक ऐसी संस्था है जो भारत सरकार के लोक सेवा के अधिकारियों की नियुक्ति के लिए परीक्षाएं संचालित करती है। संविधान के अनुच्छेद 315-323 में एक संघीय लोक सेवा आयोग और राज्यों के लिए राज्य लोक सेवा आयोग के गठन का प्रावधान है। प्रथम लोक सेवा आयोग की स्थापना 1 अक्टूबर, 1926 को हुई थी।

राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग
राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग का गठन जनवरी 1992 में एक संवैधानिक निकाय के रूप में किया गया था। महिला आयोग का काम महिलाओं के संवैधानिक हित और उनके लिए कानूनी सुरक्षा उपायों को लागू करना होता है। इस आयोग की पहली अध्यक्ष जयंती पटनायक थीं। मौजूदा अध्यक्ष ममता शर्मा है।

केंद्रीय सूचना आयोग
भारत सरकार ने अपने नागरिकों के जीवन को सहज, सुचारु रखने और देश को पूरी तरह लोकतांत्रिक बनाने और सरकारी पारदर्शिता के लिए आरटीआई अधिनियम स्थापित किया। 2005 में इस का आयोग गठन किया गया। राइट टू इन्फॉरमेशन (आरटीआई) का अर्थ है सूचना का अधिकार और इसे संविधान की धारा 19 (1) के तहत एक मूलभूत अधिकार का दर्जा दिया गया है। आरटीआई के तहत हर नागरिक को यह जानने का अधिकार है कि सरकार कैसे कार्य करती है। फिलहाल मुख्य सूचना आयुक्त सत्यानंद मिश्र है।

राष्ट्रीय अल्पसंख्यक आयोग
केंद्र सरकार ने राष्ट्रीय अल्पसंख्यक आयोग का गठन राष्ट्रीय अल्पसंख्यक आयोग अधिनियम-1992 के तहत किया। इसका गठन पांच धार्मिक अल्पसंख्यकों मुस्लिम, सिख, ईसाई, बौद्व एवं पारसी समुदाय के हितों की रक्षा के लिए किया गया है। आयोग में एक अध्यक्ष, एक उपाध्यक्ष और पांच सदस्य होते हैं जो अल्पसंख्यक समुदाय का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हैं। वर्तमान में राष्ट्रीय अल्पसंख्यक आयोग के अध्यक्ष वजाहत हबीबुल्लाह हैं। आंध्र प्रदेश, असम, बिहार, छत्तीसगढ़, दिल्ली, झारखंड, कर्नाटक, महाराष्ट्र, मध्य प्रदेश, मणिपुर, राजस्थान, तमिलनाडु, उत्तराखंड, उत्तर प्रदेश तथा पश्चिम बंगाल में भी राज्य अल्पसंख्यक आयोगों का गठन किया गया है। इन आयोगों के कार्यालय राज्यों की राजधानियों में स्थित हैं।

भारत के नियंत्रक एवं महालेखा परीक्षक
कम्पट्रोलर ऐंड ऑडिटर जनरल यानी नियंत्रक एवं महालेखा परीक्षक को आम तौर पर कैग के नाम से जाना जाता है। भारतीय संविधान के अनुच्छेद 148 में कैग का प्रावधान है, जो केंद्र व राज्य सरकारों के विभागों और उनके द्वारा नियंत्रित संस्थानों के आय-व्यय की जांच करती है। यही संस्था सार्वजनिक धन की बरबादी के मामलों को समय-समय पर प्रकाश में लाती है। 1948 में पहले कैग वी. नरहरि राव बने थे। भारत के कैग फिलहाल विनोद राय हैं। वह देश के 11वें कैग हैं।
– रूबी प्रसाद, साभार: अमर उजाला उड़ान

Saturday, May 21, 2011

Fifty percent Reservation for Women in Local Bodies

Fifty percent Reservation for Women in Local Bodies
The UPA government raised reservation for women at all tiers of the panchayat raj system from 33 to at least 50 per cent.

The Cabinet also cleared the proposal to amend Article 243(D) of the Constitution for the purpose. The Ministry of Panchayati Raj has been directed to draft a bill for making the amendment.

The bill is providing for greater participation of women in the public sphere, would be moved in the next session of Parliament.

The Urban Development Ministry would also initiate a similar proposal soon to enhance women's representation in urban local bodies.

The proposed amendment seeks to increase reservation for women in the number of seats to be filled by direct election for the office of chairperson, right from the panchayat to the panchayat samiti and the zilla parishad.

Even with respect to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, reservation for women will stand enhanced to a minimum of 50 per cent within the quota reserved for these two categories. Since there is no reservation at the Central level for other backward classes, it would be up to the State governments to increase the quota for women under this segment

Tuesday, April 19, 2011

History of panchayati raj in India

The Balwantrai Mehta Committee (1957)

In 1957, Balwantrai Mehta Committee studied the Community Development Projects and the National Extension Service and assessed the extent to which the movement had succeeded in utilising local initiatives and in creating institutions to ensure continuity in the process of improving economic and social conditions in rural areas. The Committee held that community development would only be deep and enduring when the community was involved in the planning, decision-making and implementation process.^[8] The suggestions were for as follows ^[9] :-
• an early establishment of elected local bodies and devolution to them of necessary resources, power and authority,
• that the basic unit of democratic decentralisation was at the block/ samiti level since the area of jurisdiction of the local body should neither be too large nor too small. The block was large enough for efficiency and economy of administration, and small enough for sustaining a sense of involvement in the citizens,
• such body must not be constrained by too much control by the government or government agencies,
• the body must be constituted for five years by indirect elections from the village panchayats,
• its functions should cover the development of agriculture in all its aspects, the promotion of local industries and others
• services such as drinking water, road building, etc., and
• the higher level body, Zilla Parishad, would play an advisory role.
The PRI structure did not develop the requisite democratic momentum and failed to cater to the needs of rural development. There are various reasons for such an outcome which include political and bureaucratic resistance at the state level to share power and resources with local level institutions, domination of local elites over the major share of the benefits of welfare schemes, lack of capability at the local level and lack of political will.
S K Dey : The first Minister for panchayati raj in India

Late Mr. S. K. Dey [1] (1905–1989) piloted and steered the course of community development and Panchayati Raj in the challenging, formative period of India’s independence as Cabinet Minister of Cooperation and Panchayati Raj under the prime ministership of Jawaharlal Nehru. After Nehru’s death he took leave from Ministerial responsibilities to dedicate himself fully for the cause of Panchayati Raj as long as he lived.[2]
K. Santhanam Committee (1963)

One of the prime areas of concern in this long debate on panchayati raj institutions was fiscal decentralisation. The K. Santhanam Committee was appointed to look solely at the issue of PRI finance, in 1963. The fiscal capacity of PRIs tends to be limited, as rich resources of revenue are pre-empted by higher levels of government, and issue is still debated today. The Committee was asked to determine issues related to sanctioning of grants to PRIs by the state government, evolving mutual financial relations between the three tiers of PRIs, gifts and donation, handing over revenue in full or part to PRIs. The Committee recommended the following ^[10]:
• panchayats should have special powers to levy special tax on land revenues and home taxes, etc.,
• people should not be burdened with too many demands (taxes),
• all grants and subventions at the state level should be mobilised and sent in a consolidated form to various PRIs,
• a Panchayat Raj Finance Corporation should be set up to look into the financial resource of PRIs at all levels, provide loans and financial assistance to these grassroots level governments and also provide non-financial requirements of villages.
These issues have been debated over the last three decades and have been taken up by the State Finance Commissions which are required to select taxes for assignment and sharing, identifying the principles for such sharing and assignment, determine the level of grants and recommend the final distribution of state's transfers to local authorities.20
Ashok Mehta Committee (1978)

With the coming of the Janata Party into power at the Centre in 1977, a serious view was taken of the weaknesses in the functioning of Panchayati Raj.^[11] It was decided to appoint a high-level committee under the chairmanship of Ashok Mehta to exa¬mine and suggest measures to strengthen PRIs. The Committee had to evolve an effective decentralised system of development for PRIs. They made the following recommendations ^[12] :-
• the district is a viable administrative unit for which planning, co-ordination and resource allocation are feasible and technical expertise available,
• PRIs as a two-tier system, with Mandal Panchayat at the base and Zilla Parishad at the top,
• the PRIs are capable of planning for themselves with the resources available to them,
• district planning should take care of the urban-rural continuum,
• representation of SCs and STs in the election to PRIs on the basis of their population,
• four-year term of PRIs,
• participation of political parties in elections,
• any financial devolution should be committed to accepting that much of the developmental functions at the district level would be played by the panchayats.
The states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal passed new legislation based on this report. However, the flux in politics at the state level did not allow these institutions to develop their own political dynamics.
G.V.K. Rao Committee (1985)

The G.V.K. Rao Committee was appointed to once again look at various aspects of PRIs. The Committee was of the opinion that a total view of rural development must be taken in which PRIs must play a central role in handling people's problems. It recommended the following ^[13] :-
• PRIs have to be activated and provided with all the required support to become effective organisations,
• PRIs at the district level and below should be assigned the work of planning, implementation and monitoring of rural development programmes, and
• the block development office should be the spinal cord of the rural development process.
L.M.Singhvi Committee (1986)

L.M. Singhvi Committee studied panchayatiraj. The Gram Sabha was considered as the base of a decentralised democracy, and PRIs viewed as institutions of self-governance which would actually facilitate the participation of the people in the process of planning and development. It recommended ^[14] :
• local self-government should be constitutionally recognised, protected and preserved by the inclusion of new chapter in the Constitution,
• non-involvement of political parties in Panchayat elections.
The suggestion of giving panchayats constitutional status was opposed by the Sarkaria Commission, but the idea, however, gained momentum in the late 1980s especially because of the endorsement by the late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, who introduced the 64th Constitutional Amendment Bill in 1989. The 64th Amendment Bill was prepared and introduced in the lower house of Parliament. But it got defeated in the Rajya Sabha as non-convincing. He lost the general elections too. In 1989, the National Front introduced the 74th Constitutional Amendment Bill, which could not become an Act because of the dissolution of the Ninth Lok Sabha. All these various suggestions and recommendations and means of strengthening PRIs were considered while formulating the new Constitutional Amendment Act.
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act

The idea that produced the 73rd Amendment ^[15] was not a response to pressure from the grassroots, but to an increasing recognition that the institutional initiatives of the preceding decade had not delivered, that the extent of rural poverty was still much too large and thus the existing structure of government needed to be reformed. It is interesting to note that this idea evolved from the Centre and the state governments. It was a political drive to see PRIs as a solution to the governmental crises that India was experiencing. The Constitutional (73rd Amendment) Act, passed in 1992 by the Narasimha Rao government, came into force on April 24, 1993. It was meant to provide constitutional sanction to establish "democracy at the grassroots level as it is at the state level or national level". Its main features are as follows ^[16]:
• The Gram Sabha or village assembly as a deliberative body to decentralised governance has been envisaged as the foundation of the Panchayati Raj System.
• A uniform three-tier structure of panchayats at village (Gram Panchayat — GP), intermediate or block (Panchayat Samiti — PS) and district (Zilla Parishad — ZP) levels.
• All the seats in a panchayat at every level are to be filled by elections from respective territorial constituencies.
• Not less than one-third of the total seats for membership as well as office of chairpersons of each tier have to be reserved for women.
• Reservation for weaker castes and tribes (SCs and STs) have to be provided at all levels in proportion to their population in the panchayats.
• To supervise, direct and control the regular and smooth elections to panchayats, a State Election Commission has to be constituted in every State and UT.
• The Act has ensured constitution of a State Finance Commission in every State/UT, for every five years, to suggest measures to strengthen finances of PRIs.
• To promote bottom-up-planning, the District Planning Committee fDPC} in every district has been accorded constitutional status.
• An indicative list of 29 items has been given in Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution. Panchayats are expected to play an effective role in planning and implementation of works related to these 29 items.

History of panchayati raj in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC ACCOUNTS

COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC ACCOUNTS
(Lok Sabha)

Introduction

Genesis of the Committee

Constitution of the Committee

Scope and functions

List of Chairmen since its inception

Members

Reports presented by the Committee from January 1950 onwards

Reports presented during 13^th Lok Sabha

Reports presented during 14^th Lok Sabha

I. Introduction

In a parliamentary democracy like ours, the Committee system assumes great importance. Administrative accountability to the legislature becomes the sine qua non of such a parliamentary system. The check that Parliament exercises over the executive stems from the basic principle that Parliamenet embodies the will of the people and it must, therefore, be able to supervise the manner in which public policy laid down by Parliament is carried out. However, the phenomenal proliferation of governmental activities has made the task of legislatures very complex and diversified. By its very nature, Parliament, as a body cannot have an effective control over the government and the whole gamut of its activities. Administrative accountability to the legislature through Committees has been the hallmark of our political system. The Committee on Public Accounts enjoys the place of pride in our Committee System.

II. Genesis of the Committee

The Committee on Public Accounts was first set up in 1921 in the wake of the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms. The Finance Member of the Executive Council used to be the Chairman of the Committee. The Secretariat assistance to the Committee was rendered by the then Finance Department (now the Ministry of Finance). This position continued right up to 1949. During the days of the Interim Government, the then Finance Minister acted as the Chairman of the Committee, and later on, after the attainment of Independence in August, 1947, the Finance Minister became the Chairman. This naturally restricted the free expression of views and criticism of the Executive. The Committee on Public Accounts underwent a radical change with the coming into force of the Constitution of India on 26 January, 1950, when the Committee became a Parliamentary Committee functioning under the control of the Speaker with a non-official Chairman appointed by the Speaker from among the Members of Lok Sabha elected to the Committee. The Minister of Finance ceased to be a Member of the Committee vide Rule 309(i) of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha.
III. Constitution of the Committee

The Public Accounts Committee is now constituted every year under Rule 308 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha. The Public Accounts Committee consists of not more than 22 members comprising of 15 members elected by Lok Sabha every year from amongst its members according to the principle of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote and not more than 7 members of Rajya Sabha elected by that House in like manner. Prior to the year 1954-55, the Committee consisted of 15 members who were elected by Lok Sabha from amongst its Members. But with effect from the year 1954-55, 7 members from the Rajya Sabha are also being associated with the Committee. Till 1966-67, a senior member of the ruling party used to be appointed by the Speaker as Chairman of the Committee. In 1967, however, for the first time, a member from the Opposition in Lok Sabha, was appointed as the Chairman of the Committee by the Speaker. This practice continues till date. The term of office of members of the Committee does not exceed one year at a time. A Minister is not elected a member of the Committee, and if a member, after his election to the Committee is appointed a Minister, he ceases to be a member of the Committee from the date of such appointment. The Chairman of the Committee is appointed by the Speaker from amongst the members of the Committee from Lok Sabha.

IV. Scope and Functions

The functions of the Committee, as enshrined in Rule 308(1) of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha, include examination of accounts showing the appropriation of sums granted by Parliament for the expenditure of the Government of India, the annual finance accounts of the Government and such other accounts laid before the House as the Committee may think fit. In scrutinising the Appropriation Accounts of the Government of India and the Report of the Comptroller & Auditor General of India thereon, the Committee has to satisfy :

(a) that the moneys shown in the accounts as having been disbursed were legally available for, and applicable to, the service or purpose to which they have been applied or charged;
(b) that the expenditure conforms to the authority which governs it;
(c) that every re-appropriation has been made in accordance with the provisions made in this behalf under rules framed by competent authority.
It shall also be the duty of the Committee –
(a) to examine the statement of accounts showing the `income and expenditure of state corporations, trading and manufacturing schemes, concerns and projects together with the balance sheets and statements of profit and loss accounts which the President may have required to be prepared or are prepared under the provisions of the statutory rules regulating the financing of a particular corporation, trading or manufacturing scheme or concern or project and the report of the Comptroller and Auditor General thereon.
(b) to examine the statement of accounts showing the income and expenditure of autonomous and semi autonomous bodies, the audit of which may be conducted by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India either under the directions of the President or by a statute of Parliament; and
(c) to consider the report of the Comptroller and Auditor General in cases where the President may have required him to conduct an audit of any receipts or to examine the accounts of stores and stocks.

If any money has been spent on any service during a financial year in excess of the amount granted by the House for that purpose the Committee shall examine with reference to the facts of each case the circumstances leading to such an excess and make such recommendation as it may deem fit.

Monday, April 18, 2011

The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act

The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act or Right to Education Act (RTE), which was passed by the Indian parliament on 4 August 2009, describes the modalities of the provision of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution.^[1] India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010.

The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Friday, April 8, 2011

Salient features of Jan Lokpal Bill

The Jan Lokpal Bill (Citizen's ombudsman Bill) is a draft anti-corruption bill that would pave the way for a Jan Lokpal, an independent body like the Election Commission, which would have the power to prosecute politicians and bureaucrats without government permission.

The bill has been drafted by Shanti Bhushan, former IPS Kiran Bedi, Justice N. Santosh Hegde, renowned advocate Prashant Bhushan, former chief election commissioner J. M. Lyngdoh in consultation with the leaders of the India Against Corruption movement and the civil society. The bill proposes institution of the office of Lokpal (Ombudsman) at center and Lok Ayukta at state level. Jan Lokpal Bill is designed to create an effective anti-corruption and grievance redressal systems at centre and to assure that effective deterrent is created against corruption and to provide effective protection to whistleblowers.

The Lokpal Bill drafted by the government is pending to be passed in the Rajya Sabha since 42 years.The first Lokpal Bill was passed in the 4th Lok Sabha in 1969 but could not get through in Rajya Sabha, subsequently, Lokpal bills were introduced in 1971, 1977, 1985, 1989, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2005 and in 2008, yet they were never passed and its pending.

1. An institution called LOKPAL at the centre and LOKAYUKTA in each state will be set up

2. Like Supreme Court and Election Commission, they will be completely independent of the governments. No minister or bureaucrat will be able to influence their investigations.

3. Cases against corrupt people will not linger on for years anymore: Investigations in any case will have to be completed in one year. Trial should be completed in next one year so that the corrupt politician, officer or judge is sent to jail within two years.

4. The loss that a corrupt person caused to the government will be recovered at the time of conviction.

5. How will it help a common citizen: If any work of any citizen is not done in prescribed time in any government office, Lokpal will impose financial penalty on guilty officers, which will be given as compensation to the complainant.

6. So, you could approach Lokpal if your ration card or passport or voter card is not being made or if police is not registering your case or any other work is not being done in prescribed time. Lokpal will have to get it done in a month’s time. You could also report any case of corruption to Lokpal like ration being siphoned off, poor quality roads been constructed or panchayat funds being siphoned off. Lokpal will have to complete its investigations in a year, trial will be over in next one year and the guilty will go to jail within two years.

7. But won’t the government appoint corrupt and weak people as Lokpal members? That won’t be possible because its members will be selected by judges, citizens and constitutional authorities and not by politicians, through a completely transparent and participatory process.

8. What if some officer in Lokpal becomes corrupt? The entire functioning of Lokpal/ Lokayukta will be completely transparent. Any complaint against any officer of Lokpal shall be investigated and the officer dismissed within two months.

9. What will happen to existing anti-corruption agencies? CVC, departmental vigilance and anti-corruption branch of CBI will be merged into Lokpal. Lokpal will have complete powers and machinery to independently investigate and prosecute any officer, judge or politician.

10. It will be the duty of the Lokpal to provide protection to those who are being victimized for raising their voice against corruption.

Tuesday, March 29, 2011

Famous Indians - Famous Indian Personalities - Biography of Famous Indian Personalities

Famous Indians

India has produced several famous personalities that have excelled in their field. These Indian heroes have battled against all odds and have reached the pinnacle of success by their courage, determination and perseverance. Their lives have inspired a whole generation of Indians and continue to inspire millions of Indians and others all around the world.
Here are biographies of few such Indian heroes. These include people from all walks of life such as freedom fighters, leaders, scientists, litterateurs, writers, painters, musicians, social reformers and entrepreneurs.

Dhirubhai Ambani