Medical Tests

Medical Tests

1. ELISA (Enzyme linked immunoassay) -Test for HIV-AIDS.

2. Amine Test- This is a test to know the carcinogen (Cancer) in man.

3. Apgar Test- This test determines the health status of a new born child.

4. Ashby's Test-A test for the estimation of the life span of transfused red cells (RBCs).

5. Camphor Test-Test for liver disease

6. Catoptric Test-Test for eye cataract.

7. Coomb's Test-Test for blood group antibodies.

8. FIGLU Test-Test for folic acid or Vit. B12 deficiency, is performed in urine.

9. Formol get Test-Test for Kala-azar.

10. Fouchet's Test-Test for bilirubin in urine.

11. GTT (Glucose Tolerance Test) Test- Test for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.

12. Ham's Test-Test for haemolytic anaemia.

13. Simpli Red Test-Recenthy developed test for AIDS.

Pathological disorders

Pathological disorders :

1. Glycosuria—Presence of Glucose in urine.

2. Hepatitis—Inflammation of liver.

3. Hernia—Many types, but usually the intestine protrudes down in scrotal sacs.

4. Jaundice—Condition characterized by yellowness of skin and of eyes, mucous membranes, and body fluids due to deposition of

bile pigments resulting from excess bilirubin in the blood.

5. Mumps—An acute cutageous febrile disease characterized by painful inflammation of parotid gland and other salivary glands.

6. Nausea—Feeling of vomiting.

7. Tonsillitis—Inflammation of tonsils, specially the faucial tonsil.

8. Vomiting—Protective reflex action as a result, gut contents ejected out through mouth by reverse peristalsis.

9. Eupnea—Normal quiet breathing.

10. Hypopnea—Decreased breathing rate and depth of breathing.

11. Hyperpnea—Increased breathing rate that is deeper than that usually experienced during normal activity.

12. Dyspnea—Difficult breathing or air hunger resulting in laboured condition, sometimes accompanied by pain. Normal when due to

athletic activity.

13. Polypnea—Very rapid breathing.

14. Orthopnea—Discomfort to breathe in horizontal position, but comfortable in erect sitting or standing position.

15. Acapnea—Literally, absence of carbon dioxide, but it is used to indicate the presence of less than normal amount of carbon dioxide in blood and tissues.

16. Asphyxia—Condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen.

17. Hypoxia—Oxygen demand of tissue is not met completely due to decreased concentration of oxygen in the inspired air.

18. Anoxia—Tissue is completely deprived of oxygen or without oxygen.

19. Acidosis—Decreased pH in blood and increased hydrogen ion concentration.

20. Alkalosis—High pH due to excessive alkalinity of body fluids.

21. Diuresis—Passing out of large volume of dilute urine in diabetes insipidus.

22. Oliguria—Excretion of scanty urine or infrequent urination.

23. Dysuria—Painful or difficult urination.

24. Uremia—Toxic condition associated with renal insufficiency produced by the retention in the blood of nitrogenous substances normally excreted by the kidney.

25. Nephrosis—Degenerative changes in kidney.

26. Hematuria—The discharge of urine containing blood often associated with diseases of the kidney.

27. Polycythemia—Increased R. B. C. count.

28. Bradycardia—Slow heart beat characterized by slow pulse rate.

29. Tachycardia—Abnormal increased heart beat.

Some important facts of human body

Some important facts of human body

1. Length of Alimentary Canal— Approximately 8 metres.

2. B.M.R. (Basal Metabolic Rate) 1600 K. Cal/day.

3. Number cells in body—75 trillion

4. Longest Bone—Femur (Thigh bone)

5. Smallest Bone—Ear ossicle, stapes

6. Weight of brain—1400 gms

7. Blood volume—5-6 litres (in 70 kg body)

8. Normal B. P. 120/80 mm Hg.

9. Number of R.B.C.

(a) In male 5-5-5 million/cubic mm.

(b) In female 4-5-5 million/cubic mm.

11. Life Span of R.B.C. 120 days.

12. Normal W.B.C. Count—5000-11000/cubic mm.

13. Life span of W.B.C. 2-5 days

14. D.L.C. (Differential leucocyte count)

(a) Basophils—0-5-1%

(b) Eosinophils—1-3%

(c) Monocytes—3-8%

(d) Neutrophils 40-70%

(e) Lymphocytes 20-25%

15. Blood Platelets Count 2,00,000-4,00,000/Cubic mm.

16. Haemoglobin %

(a) In male 14-18 gm/100 c.c. of blood

(b) In female 12-16 gm/100 c.c. of blood

17. Hb Content in body : 500-700 gm.

18. Universal blood donor : O Rh - ve

19. Universal Blood recipient : AB

20. Blood Clotting time : 2-5 minutes.

21. Average Body weight : 70 kgm.

22. Normal body temperature : 98-4°F

23. Breathing rate : 16-20/minutes.

24. Number of Cranial nerves— 12 pairs, number of spinal nerve 31 pairs.

25. Largest endocrine gland—Thyroid.

26. Gestation period—9 months (253-266 days).

27. Normal heart beat—72-75/minutes.

28. Largest gland—Liver.

29. Largest muscles in the body—Gluteus maximus (Buttock musclc)

30. Smallest muscle in the body—Stepedius.

31. Largest artery—Abdominal aorta.

32. Largest vein—Inferior venacava.

33. Largest W.B.C. Monocyte.

34(a). Smallest W.B.C.—Lymphocytes.

35. Greatest regeneration Power—In Liver.

36. Longest nerve—Sciatic.

37. Longest Cell—Neuron (Nerve cell)

38. Menstrual Cycle—28 days.

39. Menopause age—45-50 years.

40. Minimum regeneration Power—in Brain cells.

41. Minimum distance for proper vision—25 cm.

42. Type of Placenta—Haemochorial (Chorio- allantoic)

43. Pulse Rate—72/minute.

44. Volume of Semen—2-4 ml/ejaculation

45. Normal Sperm count—200-350 million/ejaculation.

46. ESR (normal Erythrocyte sedimentation rate)—4-10 min/hour.

47. Thioest skin—Conjunctiva (eyelid)

48. pH of Gastric juice—1-4

49. pH of urine— 6 0

50. pH of blood—7.35-7.45

51. pH of Bile—7.5

52. pH of Pancreatic juice— 8.5

53. Total number of muscles in to body—639

54. Total number of bones In the body—206

Some hormonal diseases in human

Some hormonal diseases in human

Due to change of life style, food habit, mental anxiety and so other things hormonal regulations are being changed. Hormonal imbalance leads to several complex and incurable diseases. In this try, I am providing some terms/diseases in human being due to hormonal problems or loss of hormonal regulation which are as follows:

1. Acromegaly—Due to Hypersecretion of growth hormone or S.T.H. in adult from anterior lobe of pituitary.

2. Adrenal virilism—Due to Hypersecretion of androgen from adrenal cortex.

3. Addison's disease—Due to Hyposecretion of Glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex.

4. Dwarfism—Due to Hyposecretion of S.T.H. or G.H. in children.

5. Cretinism—Due to Hyposecretion of thyruxin in children from thyroid gland.

6. Cushing's syndrome—Due to Hypersecretion of Glucocorticoids.

7. Diabetes insipidus or Polyuria insipida—Due to Hyposecretion of A.D.H. or vasopressin from posterior lobe of pituitary.

8. Diabetes mellitus—Due to Hyposecretion of Insulin from Islets of Langerhans.

9. Goiter—Due to Hyposecretion of thyroxin from thyroid.

10. Grave's disease or Exophthalmic goitre or Basedow's disease—Due to Hypersecretion of thyroxin from thyroid.

11. Hashimoto's disease—Due to Hyposecretion of thyroxin from thyroid.

12. Myxedema—Due to Hyposecretion of thyroxin from thyroid.

13. Plummer's disease—Due to Hypersecretion of Thyroxin from Thyroid.

14. Tetany—Due to Hyposecretion of Parathormone from Parathyroid.

Anatomy of the Brain

The anatomy of the brain is complex due its intricate structure and function. This amazing organ acts as a control center by receiving, interpreting, and directing sensory information throughout the body. There are three major divisions of the brain. They are the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain.

Brain Divisions
The forebrain is responsible for a variety of functions including receiving and processing sensory information, thinking, perceiving, producing and understanding language, and controlling motor function. There are two major divisions of forebrain: the diencephalon and the telencephalon. The diencephalon contains structures such as the thalamus and hypothalamus which are responsible for such functions as motor control, relaying sensory information, and controlling autonomic functions. The telencephalon contains the largest part of the brain, the cerebral cortex. Most of the actual information processing in the brain takes place in the cerebral cortex.

The midbrain and the hindbrain together make up the brainstem. The midbrain is the portion of the brainstem that connects the hindbrain and the forebrain. This region of the brain is involved in auditory and visual responses as well as motor function.

The hindbrain extends from the spinal cord and is composed of the metencephalon and myelencephalon. The metencephalon contains structures such as the pons and cerebellum. These regions assists in maintaining balance and equilibrium, movement coordination, and the conduction of sensory information. The myelencephalon is composed of the medulla oblongata which is responsible for controlling such autonomic functions as breathing, heart rate, and digestion.

•Prosencephalon - Forebrain

•Mesencephalon - Midbrain

•Diencephalon

•Telencephalon
•Rhombencephalon - Hindbrain

•Metencephalon

•Myelencephalon

Anatomy of the Brain: Structures
The brain contains various structures that have a multitude of functions. Below is a list of major structures of the brain and some of their functions.

Basal Ganglia
•Involved in cognition and voluntary movement

•Diseases related to damages of this area are Parkinson's and Huntington's
Brainstem
•Relays information between the peripheral nerves and spinal cord to the upper parts of the brain

•Consists of the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and the pons
Broca's Area
•Speech production

•Understanding language
Central Sulcus (Fissure of Rolando)
•Deep grove that separates the parietal and frontal lobes
Cerebellum
•Controls movement coordination

•Maintains balance and equilibrium
Cerebral Cortex
•Outer portion (1.5mm to 5mm) of the cerebrum

•Receives and processes sensory information

•Divided into cerebral cortex lobes
Cerebral Cortex Lobes
•Frontal Lobes -involved with decision-making, problem solving, and planning
•Occipital Lobes-involved with vision and color recognition
•Parietal Lobes - receives and processes sensory information
•Temporal Lobes - involved with emotional responses, memory, and speech
Cerebrum
•Largest portion of the brain

•Consists of folded bulges called gyri that create deep furrows
Corpus Callosum
•Thick band of fibers that connects the left and right brain hemispheres
Cranial Nerves
•Twelve pairs of nerves that originate in the brain, exit the skull, and lead to the head, neck and torso
Fissure of Sylvius (Lateral Sulcus)
•Deep grove that separates the parietal and temporal lobes
Limbic System Structures
•Amygdala - involved in emotional responses, hormonal secretions, and memory
•Cingulate Gyrus - a fold in the brain involved with sensory input concerning emotions and the regulation of aggressive behavior
•Fornix - an arching, fibrous band of nerve fibers that connect the hippocampus to the hypothalamus
•Hippocampus - sends memories out to the appropriate part of the cerebral hemisphere for long-term storage and retrievs them when necessary
•Hypothalamus - directs a multitude of important functions such as body temperature, hunger, and homeostasis
•Olfactory Cortex - receives sensory information from the olfactory bulb and is involved in the identification of odors
•Thalamus - mass of grey matter cells that relay sensory signals to and from the spinal cord and the cerebrum
Medulla Oblongata
•Lower part of the brainstem that helps to control autonomic functions
Meninges
•Membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord
Olfactory Bulb
•Bulb-shaped end of the olfactory lobe

•Involved in the sense of smell
Pineal Gland
•Endocrine gland involved in biological rhythms

•Secretes the hormone melatonin
Pituitary Gland
•Endocrine gland involved in homeostasis

•Regulates other endocrine glands
Pons
•Relays sensory information between the cerebrum and cerebellum
Reticular Formation
•Nerve fibers located inside the brainstem

•Regulates awareness and sleep
Substantia Nigra
•Helps to control voluntary movement and regualtes mood
Tectum
•The dorsal region of the mesencephalon (mid brain)
Tegmentum
•The ventral region of the mesencephalon (mid brain).
Ventricular System - connecting system of internal brain cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid
•Aqueduct of Sylvius - canal that is located between the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle
•Choroid Plexus - produces cerebrospinal fluid
•Fourth Ventricle - canal that runs between the pons, medulla oblongata, and the cerebellum
•Lateral Ventricle - largest of the ventricles and located in both brain hemispheres
•Third Ventricle - provides a pathway for cerebrospinal fluid to flow
Wernicke's Area
•Region of the brain where spoken language is understood