Monday, March 8, 2010

Union Budget 2010-11 Highlights

Highlights of 2010-11 budget presented by Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee in parliament Friday February 26, 2010:

Budget Highlights

● Online news agencies to attract tax

● Sensex surges 350 points on new tax slabs

● Rationalising tax criteria on gaming software

● No hike in service tax

● Corporate surcharge down from 10 per cent to 7.5 per cent

● Liquor prices set to go up

● Prices of gold, silver, precious stones set to rise

● Makers of mobile accessories to get tax breaks

● No taxes on transportation of pulses

● Prices to go up for cars, cement, fuel, cigarettes, air conditioners, TVs,

steel

● To restore 7.5 per cent duty on petrol and diesel

● Raise excise duty on all non smoking tobacco

● Uproar over hike in fuel prices in Lok Sabha

● To restore 5 per cent duty on crude petroleum

● Fuel prices likely to go up

● Central exicse duty on petrol and diesel raised to Rs 1 per litre

● Rollback in excise duty to 10 per cent

● Govt announces partial rollback in excise duty

● Excise on large cars, SUVs and MUVs raised to 22 per cent

● Presumptive tax limit raised to Rs 60 lakh

● Investment linked deduction benefit for two star hotels

● Deduction of Rs 20,000 towards infrastructure bonds

● Reduce current surcharge on companies to 7.5 per cent

● Income above 8 lakh - 30 per cent tax

● Income from 5 lakh to 8 lakh - 20 per cent tax

● Income between 1.6 lakh to 5 lakh - 10 per cent tax

● No tax on income up to Rs 1.6 lakh

● IT department to notify Saral 2 forms

● Net market borrowing pegged at Rs 3.45 lakh crore

● IT return forms to be more user friendly

● Govt to bring subsidy related liability into fiscal accounting

● Borrowing plan to be decided in consultation with RBI

● FY 10 budget deficit seen at 6.9 per cent of GDP

● FY 13 fiscal deficit target at 4.1 per cent

● Fy 12 fiscal deficit target at 4.8 per cent

● Govt to set up National Mission of Delivery of Justice

● Gross tax receipts seen at Rs 7.46 lakh crore in FY'11

● Fiscal deficit target of 5.5 per cent in FY11

● 15 per cent increase in plan expenditure

● Defence Capex rasied to Rs 60000 crore for FY'11

● Allocation for defence raised to 1.47 lakh crore

● UIDA to roll out first set of IDs by end of 2010

● Allocation of Rs 1900 crore to Unique Identity Project

● Allocation to minority welfare ministry Rs 2600 crore

● Govt to contribute Rs 1000 per month for pension security

● Home loans up to Rs 20 lakh to get 1 per cent subvention up to March 2011

● Allocated RS 66,100 crore for rural development

● Social Security Fund to have a corpus of Rs 1000 crore

● National Social Security Fund for unorganised sector

● Extend interest subvention for housing loans up to Rs Rs 10 lakh

● To allocate Rs 10,000 crore to Indira Aawas Yojana

● Rs 1200 crore assistance for drought in Bundelkhand

● To allocate 48000 crore for Bharat Nirman

● Allocation to NREGA raised to Rs 41,000 crore

● To allocate 22,300 crore allocation for health ministry

● Social sector spending at 1.38 lakh crore for FY11

● 25 pc of plan allocation for development of rural infrastructure

● To increase plan allocation for education to 31600 crore

● Rs 300 crore of Krishi Vikas Yojna

● Body for macro supervision of big companies

● Annual health survey to be conducted in rural areas in 2011

● Govt ready with draft food securty bill

● To provide one time grant to Tirupur exports

● Competitive bidding for coal block for power sector

● Allocation for power sector Rs 5130 crore in FY11

● Allocation for road infrastructure raised to 19,894 crore

● Rs 1.73 lakh crore or 46 per cent of the plan allocation for infrastructure

● Oil ministry to consider Parikh report in due time

● Crop loan interest subvention for timely repayment raised to 2 per cent

● Period of repayment of farm loan waiver extended to June 30

● Farm credit target raised to Rs 3.75 lakh crores for FY11

● Govt to take a firm view on opening up retail trade

● More captial for rural banks

● Govt to provide credit support to farmers

● RBI will give addtional licenses to private banks

● Challenge is to make growth inclusive

● FDI regime has been simplified by the government

● India received more FDIs last FY

● Disinvestment target Rs 25000 crore this year

● Good and Services Tax to be in place next year

● Valuation of listed PSUs has increased greatly

● Listing of PSUs will ensure corporate governance

● Govt will implement direct tax code by April 1, 2010

● Process to make a simple taxation system

● Need to make growth broad-based

● Gradual phasing out of fiscal stimulus

● With economy recovering, need to review public spending

● Bad monsoon affected food prices adversely

● Food inflation should come down in 2010-11: Pranab

● Export figures for January have been encouraging: Pranab

● Hope to breach 10% growth mark in the near future: Pranab

● Manufacturing has been a growth driver: Pranab

● Growth registered a strong rebound in the second quarter: Pranab

● Govt must deliever to lesser privileged sector: Pranab

● Economy stabilised in first quarter of 2009-10: Pranab

● We have to sustain food security in rural areas: Pranab

● Modernisation of PDS a priority for the govt: Pranab

● Our task is to quickly revert to high GDP growth path: Pranab

● Challenge to make development more inclusive: Pranab

● Indian economy is in far better position now: Pranab

● Pranab Mukherjee begins Budget speech

● Pranab Mukherjee reaches Parliament

● Banks raise deposit rates ahead of budget.

● Mukherjee is scheduled to begin his budget speech at 11 am.

● Budget is expected to slash the deficit as the economy rebounds.

● Government borrowing was forecast to rise by another 2.2 per cent.

● Investors were hoping FM will also be firm on keeping borrowing in check.

● Calls for fiscal discipline are urgent as inflation is forecast to reach 10 pc

in coming weeks.

● Mukherjee may also unveil plans to address shortfalls in food production and

distribution.

● Budget may include initiatives to address India's chronic infrastructure

deficit.

 

Highlights of Economic Survey 2009-10

Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee Thursday 25 Februar, 2010 tabled a cautious

but optimistic Economic Survey 2009-10 in Parliament, which predicted 7.2

percent growth for the current fiscal and a full recovery in 2011-12, while

remaining concerned over inflation and fiscal deficit.

The Survey said Indian economy is well on a recovery track and is expected to

expand by 8.25-8.75 percent in 2010-11 and even exceed 9 percent the year after.

Survey Highlights

Growth

● Economy seen growing 8.25-8.75 % in 2010-11

● Economy expected to return to 9% growth in medium term

● India FY11 growth seen 100 bps more than FY10

● Medeum term prospects of economic growth "really strong"

● India could be fastest growing economy in next four years

● Expect GDP growth to breach 9% mark in 2011-12

● Risk of second dip recession in advanced nations

● India seems to be returning to pre-crisis growth rate

● India medium, long-term growth prospects excellent

● No reason why India can't achieve double-digit growth

● Clear Sign of recovery in industrial output

● Largely contained risk to growth from poor monsoon

Food Prices

● Food subsidy must be given directly to households

● Food coupons must replace existing PDS system

● Must identify poor for effective food coupon system

● Possible to switch to food coupons system by 2012

● India has ample stocks of wheat, rice

● Wheat prices may moderate on hope of better harvest

● Vegetable prices started to ease on rabi crop arrival

● Food suibsidy must be given directly to households

● Food coupons must replace existing PDS systems

Inflation

● Concern of higher than expected inflation in coming months

● Rapidly rising food inflation cause for concern

● WPI inflation in FY10 out of sync with trend in previous years

● Near-term supply pressure driving inflation outlook

● WPI inflation expected to stabilize due to government steps

● Signs food, fuel inflation spreading to other items

● Current petroleum prices not viable in long run

● Inflation largely due to supply-side bottlenecks

● Supply crunch in some commodities on poor monsoon

● Poor rain prevented seasonal food price fall post October

● Hype about khariff failure exacerbated WPI expectation

● Base effect, mild manufacturing WPI helped recovery

● Divergence between WPI, CPI inflation rates declining

● Food inflation may have peaked in December, seen easing

● What, rice price rise on inflationary expectations

● Low demand causing price moderation in mining FY10

Agriculture

● Agriculture sector continues to be cause of concern

● Need policy initiatives to raise farm growth to 4%

● Likely to end FY10 with sufficient wheat stocks

● Fear of pulses shortage may be causing price spurt

● Higher sowing area of pulses may tame prices

● Local sugar supply shortage causing price surge

● Global sugar price rise likely on big imports by India

● High inflation in milk from coarse cereals, oil cakes

● FCI should be allowed to keep flexible buffer norms

● Need to improve govt strategy for food releases

● Govt shouldn't have any dealing with fertiliser companies

● Fertiliser companies should be allowed pricing freedom

● Provide fertiliser subsidy to farmers

● Introduce coupon system to subsidise fertilisers

● Hype about kharif failure encouraged hoarding

● Delay in release of imported sugar aided price rise

● High food grain stock putting stress on fiscal health

● Efficient stock management needs urgent attention

● Govt food grain stocks adequate to meet PDS needs

● FY10 farm GDP fall seen only 0.2% despite poor rains

● Apr-Dec rice, wheat off take 35.8 mln tn, up 43% on ry

● High MSP has potential to raise open market prices

● Support price benefit to small farmers doubtful

● Balancing needs to small farmers, consumers a challenge

● Govt wheat buy cost seen 1,504.39 rupee/100 kg FY10

● Govt rice buy cost seen 1,893.71 rupee/100 kg 2009-10

● Wheat open market sale scheme helped stabilise price

● Fall in sugar output put pressure on prices

● 2009-10 sugar output seen 16 mn tones

● 2009-10 edible oil import seen 10.1 mn tones

● India 2009-10 edible oil supply seen 18.3 mn tones

● India 2009-10 edible oil requirement seen 13.8 mln tn

● Apr-Dec farm futures volume 38% of commodity trade

● Kharif crop output loss may be partly made up in rabi

● Grain yield increase not enough to meet rising demand

● Research, better farm methods key to high crop yield

● Need to focus on states with low crop productivity

● Output, yield of pulses, oilseeds a growing concern

● Scope of pulses import limited to tight global supply

● Falling private investment in agriculture a concern

● Cheap, timely credit must to up private investment in farming

● Research on high yield seeds must to counter drought

● Food security, stock management priority areas

● Multi-cropping, raising yield key to higher output

● 2009-10 kharif grain area 66.8 mln ha, gown 4.6 mln on yr

● Fertiliser use at 128.6 kg/ha in 2008-09

● Oct-Dec post monsoon rains 8% above normal

● NAFED oilseed buy 64,802 tn till Jan 4 on govt account

● 2009-10 coffee output seen 290,000 tn, up 10.6% on yr

● Coconut palm insurance scheme to continue FY

Industry

● Industry sector "revival" evident post economic slowdown

● Indian industrial outlook "bright" in medium term

● Downward trend in IIP growth stands reversed

● Growth in capital goods segment below pre-2007 level

● Growth in consumer durables aiding industrial revival

● Textile exports continue to lag

● Fertilizer output hit by raw material availability

● Local steel industry revived from global slowdown

● Local steel outlook for 2010 remains positive

● Local steel demand back on "stable footing"

● Local steel demand seen up on real estate, auto growth

● FDI inflow in farm sector services grew highest in 2009-10

● Services sector attracted highest FDI inflow FY 10

● Govt mulling overseas urea, ammonia projects

● Contribution of food products in manufacturing WPI seen down

● Capacity addition in power, road sectors "lagging"

● Infrastructure impediment hampering industry growth

Fiscal Policies

● Indian economy has shown 'V'-shaped recovery

● Broad-base revival gives room for gradual stimulus cut

● Fundamentals justify optimism for India in long run

● Consider Finance Ministry panel suggestion to shape FY11 fiscal goals

● Job losses seem to have reversed in recent months

● Expect domestic oil output to grow on new discoveries

● Food market condition, improved capital flow encouraging

● Manufacturing sector showing buoyancy in recent months

● Too early to say if buoyancy in manufacturing a trend

● Seen substantial pick-up in corporate earnings, margin

● Pace, shape of global recovery remains uncertain

● Global recovery losing steam on stimulus cut

● Transmission of monetary policy remains sluggish

● Higher government borrowing raised banks' SLR investments

● Saving, investment rate good for medium term growth

● Savings rate expected to rise further

● Government should promote transparency in commodity futures

● Impact of current subsidy system questionable

Monetary

● RBI policy stance transmission to real sector critical

● Fiscal rectitude important for Indian economy

● Need to monitor credit flow to productive sectors

● Need to ensure medium, long-term growth on even keel

● RBI policy aims at expanding credit at viable rates

● RBI stance aimed at steady growth via credit quality

● States Market Borrowing Rs 106000 cr up to Jan 15

● Money market mostly orderly in FY 10 on high liquidity

● CBLO volumes over 80% of total money market volume FY 10

● Liquidity condition remained comfortable in 2010

● RBI's Rs 57000 cr OMO buys FY 10 aided liquidity

● Monetary easing main theme of liquidity management FY 10

● RBI actively held apt liquidity via OMO, LAF, MSS FY 10

Banking

● Growth in bank credit remained low in FY 10

● Public sector banks better than private in credit growth

● Growth in food credit low so far in FY 10

● Need more transparency in micro-finance functioning

● Computerisation of banking sector in completion stage

● Rise in risk appetite increased capital inflows in 2009

Financial Institutions

● Need to extend NPS to central, state autonomous bodies

● Pension reforms made significant progress in India

● Challenge to expand distribution network of NPS

● Pension reforms to facilitate long-term savings

● Interdependence of corporate, MFs rising concern

Markets

● Govt intervention in markets should be minimal

● Govt shouldn't impose outright commodity futures ban

● Equity market showed signs of recovery after April

● Regulatory steps taken to make markets sound, stable

● Seen revival in secondary market following stimulus

● Volumes in currency futures on BSE not significant

● Trading volumes in interest rate futures low

● Retail investor participation limited in corporate debt market

● Retail investor participation limited in mutual funds

Miscellaneous

● Unique identity system to come into0 effect in 2012

● Labour law reforms can improve Labour demand

 

ARTICLE

Part I - UNION AND ITS TERRITORY Article 1-4

  1. Name and territory of the union
  1. Admission or establishment of new states that are not the part of India
    1. Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing states. Regarding above change require Recommendation of President & related state legislator within fix time
    2. Laws made under Articles 2 and 3 are not considered as constitution amendment under art 368. But in Berubari case 1960 SC 9th amendment act – without constitution amendment can not transfer any area to foreign country.

Fact :- 552- Princely State, Dhar commission 1948, JVP commission 1949 both reject formation of Linguistic state, Formation of Andhra Pradesh 1953, Fazal Ali commission ( Panikkar & Kunzaru)1953 accept language basis state formation, 1956 14 State & 6 UT's .Gujarat 1961, Dadra & Nagar Haveli 1961 by 10th Amend. Act, Goa, Daman & Diu 1961 by 12th Amend. Act, Pandichrry1962 14th Amend. Act, Nagaland 1963, Haryana, Chandigarh & H.P.-1966, Manipur, Tripura & Meghalaya -1972, Sikkim 1974 as associate state by 35th Amend. Act, Mizoram A.P. & Goa 1987, Delhi as the National capital territory of Delhi 1991 by 69th amendment act, Chhatisgarh, Uttaranchal & Jharkhand 2000.

 

Part II - CITIZENSHIP Article 5-11

  1. Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution 26-01-1950
  2. Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan
  3. Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan but latter returned.
  4. Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India
  5. Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign state not to be citizens
  1. Continuance of the rights of citizenship
    1. Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.

    R/ Citizenship Act 1955 amendment 1986 &1992 – 5 ways to acquire citizenship of India – by Birth, Descent ( father), Registration(5- year), Naturalization ( for foreigner 12th month reside in India prior it 7 year reside or 4 year govt. service in India.) & by incorporation of territory.

    3 ways of losing citizenship – By Renunciation (Rejection), Termination, & Deprivation.

    Indian citizenship have constitution right under Article 15,16, 19, 29,30, right to vote Article 326, membership of parliaments(Article 84) & state legislature (Article 191(1)d) hold office of President, Vice president, Judge of SC & HC, governor of state, attorney general & advocate general of state

Saturday, March 6, 2010

BRYOPHYTA


Bryophyta
1. The cylindrical capsule with pseudo elaters are present in — Anthoceros.
2. The Retort cells are found in — Sphagnum.
3. The gametophytic phase is dominant in — Bryophyte.
4. The bryophyte which is known as Bog or peat Moss— Sphagnum.
5. Marchantia possesses partitioned air chambers containing branched assimilatory fillaments with air pores.
6. Naiadita described_by. Harris is a Bryophyte from –Triassic of England
7. The bryophyta which is an indicator of Copper rich substratum Funaria hygrometrica.
8. The protective device over the developing sporophyte is shoot calyptra in —Frullania.
9. An antheridial chamber containing a bunch of antheridia are found in —
Authoceros.
10. The bryophyta which is anacronymous in nature — Pellia.
11. The bryophyte which shows the presence of Apical eiaterophore — Riccardia.
12 The columella is absent in Pellia epiphylla
13. The sporophyte is indeteriminate in growth —Anthoceros
14. The bryophyte which shows insitu germination of spores –Pellia.
15. The characteristic in which Bryophyte differs from the green algae — Structure of gametangia.
16... The bryophyte in which the sporophyte is partially independent with unlimited growth — Anthoceros.
17. Father of Indian Bryology – S.R. Kashyup
18. The aquatic species of Bryophyta — Riccia fluitans, Riella. Sphagnum, Ricciocarpus natans.
19. The bryophyta in which the elaters are attached to an eiaterophore —Pellia.
20. The bryophytes are known as — Amphibians of plant Kingdom.
21. In foliose jungermanniales the ventral leaf is redused called as Amphigastrium.
22. The bryophytes which are saprophytes — Buxbaumia aphylla
23. The earliest known fossil bryophytes belongs to —Carboniferous.