1. The country whch is the centre of origin of Rice is –India 3000 BC / China 4000 BC or indo-china origin.
- Concept of centre of origin given by Vavilov of USSR
- centre of origin coffee – Ethiopia, potato- Peru, rubber, cacao, ground nut & pine apple – brazil. wheat – India / Afghanistan / central Asia, maize – USA / kharif crop
2. Triticum aestivum variety of wheat k/a bread wheat — Hexaploid.
- Durum wheat- T. durum, Emmer wheat 1st cerals along with barley- H. vulgare ( 6 rowed). Domesticated by man. – T. dicoccum / nilgiri hills
3. RR—21 is a high yielding variety of —Wheat
4. The name Grain of poverty or black bread is generally given to — Secale cereals- rye.
- Durum 4n X rye 2n = 6n triticale man made cerals
5. Kalyan sona & Sonalika are varieties —Wheat
- Sonora, Hira, Lerma HD2135 etc
- Padma , jaya, bala, sabarmati, jamuna , sona, jayanti , Krishna & lunishri are varieties —Rice
6. The botanical name of Finger millet / ragi / mandua plant — Eleusine
coracana.
- Millet belongs to the family Poaceae (formerly Gramineae). Foxtail millet- setaria italica. Pearl / Bulrush millet is Pennisetum americanum. Grat/ jwar millet – Soghum vulgare.
7. The state of India where cashew nut is produced — Kerala.
- Fruits false – inferior ovary, banana, mango & citrus – Indian origin
8. The botanical names of White mustard & Black mustard yielding
plant is — Brassica hirta & B. juncea respectively.
9. The bitterness of cucurbits is due to —Triterpenes.
10 . Medicine
- Quinine alkaloids important in the treatment of Malaria is extracted from — Barks of Cinchona officinalis. Cinchonas belong to the family Rubiaceae.
- Aconites belong to the family Ranunculaceae. The helmet flower is classified as Aconitum napellus. Mithazahar-Aconites contain highly active alkaloids, especially aconitine, and are poisonous to both humans and animals.
- Autumn crocus contains poisonous alkaloids, the principal one being colchicine. The autumn crocus belongs to the family Liliaceae. It is classified as Colchicum autumnale.
- Reserpine, purified alkaloid, prepared synthetically or from the root of the Indian plant Rauwolfia serpentina- Apocynaceae . -used for treatment of schizophrenia and other mental disorders; widely employed for treating high blood pressure.
- Cinnamon/camphor trees belong to the family Lauraceae. The best-known species is Cinnamomum zeylanicum. The aromatic qualities of cinnamon result from a volatile oil, oil of cinnamon, that may be extracted from the bark by distillation.
- Digitalis purpurea, a drug prepared from digitalin, a glycoside obtained from the Leaves of common foxglove, belongs to the family Scrophulariaceae.
- Nux vomica belongs to the family Loganiaceae. It is classified as Strychnos nux-vomica. Its seeds, also called nux vomica, contain two alkaloids—strychnine and brucine. Used in medicine as a stimulant and as a tonic,
- atropine - the medicinally important part in Atropa belladona The leaves and root contain alkaloids; one, atropine, is used to dilate the pupils of the eyes, to facilitate eye examinations and as an antispasmodic in the treatment of asthma. belongs to the family Solanaceae
- Isabgol – Plantago ovata- family Plantaginacae - seed
l3. Insect repellant leaves occurs in —Melia azedarach.
14. Hasish/ charas /marijuana / bhang / ganja which is chemically resin
cannabinone is obtained from — Cannabis sativa.from female flower
family Moraceae
15. The Tobacco & Rice Research Institute is located at
Rajahimundry & Cuttack respectively.
SOME IMPORTANT FUMITORIES AND MASTICATORIES Name Hindi Nam©Source PiantSpecial Featuresand FamilyTobacco TambakhuNicotiana tabacumLeaves contain nicotine mild stimulant, causes lung(Solanaceae)cancer and atherosclerosis of coronoary arteries;accelerates heart beat, increases hypertension andbronchial cough.Kola —Cola nitidaSeeds used as masticatory, contain glycoside kolanin(Sterculiaceae)and alkaloid caffeine.Areca nut SupariAreca catechu/Endosperm.of the nut used as masticatory along-Betel nut palm (Palmae)With betel (paan); used as vermifuge for tapeworm inveterinary practice.Betal Paan —Piper betelThe leaves provide famous paan.(Piperaceae)Coca CocainErythroxylon cocaLeaves contain cocaine; it is chewed with morphine(Erythroxylaceae)or heroin called speed ball; Acts on central nervoussystem causing psychic exaltation; re Juces apetite,physical and mental deterioration leads to death.Hemp Indian Ganja, BhangCannabis sativaFemale flowers used for extraction of hailucino-(Cannabinaceae)genic narcotics-/)as/7/s/?, charas, marijuana, bhang,ganja, etc. causes addiction.Opium AfeemPapaver somniferumLatex from Unripe capsules yield alkaloid morphine;(Papaveraceae) 16. The botanical name of Nutmeg — Myristica fragrans. 17. Coir of commerce is obtained from which part of coconut plant — Fibrous mesocarp. 18. Saffron (Kesar) plant belong to which family and the part of plant — Iridaceae & dried style & Stigma is edible part respectively. 19. The wood of the plants which is used for making Hockey sticks & Crickets bats_are —Morus alba & Salix alba respectively.
20.OIL
- Khuskhus Oil is obtained from the roots of plant botanically named as —Viteveria zizanoides.ITS ROOT USED AS AIR COOLER MAT
- Safflower oil is obtained from Carthamus tinctorius.
- Cedar wood oil is obtained from HEART WOOD —Juniperus virginiana .
- Lemon grass oil and Olive oil is obtained from the plants named —
Cymbopogon citrates / leaf ( Graminae) & Olea europea /fruits
respectively.
- Palm oil is obtained from — Elaeis guineensis.
Essential oil | Name of plant | Source | Family | |||||
Essential oils used in perfumes | ||||||||
Otto of roses | Rosa damascena, R. centifolia | Flowers | Rosaceae | |||||
Geraniurn oil | Pelargonium graveolens, P. on | Leaves | Geraniaceae | |||||
Lemongrass oil | Cymbopogon flexuosus, C. citratus | Leaves | Poaceae | |||||
Oil of citronella | Cymbopogon nardus | Leaves | Poaceae | |||||
Khus/Vetiver oil | Vetiveria zizanioides | Roots | Poaceae | |||||
Sandal wood oil | Santalum album | Wood | Santalaceae | |||||
Lavender oil | Lavandula officinalis | Flowers | Lamiaceae | |||||
Charapaca oil | Michelia champaca | Flowers | Magnoliaceae | |||||
Essential oils used in medicine and industry | ||||||||
Camphor | Cinnamomum camphora | Wood | Lauraceae | |||||
Cedarwood oil | Juniperus virginiana | Heart wood | Cupiessaceae | |||||
Eucalyptus oil | Eucalyptus dives | Leaves and terminal bran chiefs | Myrtaceae | |||||
Clove oil | Syzygium aromaticum | Flower buds | Myrtaceae | |||||
Peppermint oil | Men tha piperita | Shoots & leaves | Lamiaceae | |||||
A. Drying oils | ||||||||
1. | Linseed oil | Linum usitatissimum | Seeds | Linaceae | ||||
2. | Safflower oil | Carthamus tinctorius | Seeds | Asteraceae | ||||
10 | Walnut oil | Juglans regia | Mature and old kernels | Juglandaaceae | ||||
C. | Non-drying oils | |||||||
18. | Olive oil | Olea europaea | Fruit pulp | Oleaceae | ||||
D. | Vegetable fats | |||||||
20. | Palm oil | Elaeis guineensis | Fibrous mesocarp | Arecaceae | ||||
22. The term rubber was coined by Priestly.- polyterpene / isoprene
- 1st – Malaysia 1st – kerala
- Cearea rubber is obtained from Mannihot glaziovii (Euphorbiaceae).
- The guayule belongs to the family Asteraceae (formerly Compositae). It is classified as Parthenium argentatum. The principal para rubber tree belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae and is classified as Hevea brasiliensis.
- Other latex product gutta-percha (Palaquim gutta), chewing gum Achras sapota and balata (Manilkara) , which are products of various tropical trees in the sapodilla family, Sapotaceae.
- The Indian / Assam rubber plant is a member of the family Moraceae. It is classified as Ficus elastica.
- Panama rubber – Castillia elastica, family Moraceae
- Lagos silk rubber obtained from —Funtumia elastica - Apocynaceae.
24. Henna or Mehndi is obtained from Leaves of Lawsonia inermis.-
Lythraceae
26. Neel or Indigo is obtained from the leaves of — Indigofera tinctoria
(Paplionaceae)
27. The plant which is known as Flame of the forest is — Butea
monosperma (Tesu).
28. The non elastic rubber is obtained from the plants — Gutta percha
(Palagium gutta & Balata - Malinkara bidentata.
29. Amber is derived from a fossil pine named — Pinus succinifera.
30. Canada balsam obtained from — Abies balsamea (Pinaceae).
31. The Carnauba & Jojoba wax is obtained from plants botanically
named as — Copernicia cerefera & Simmondsia sinensis respectively.
32. Eucalyptus & Clove oil is obtained from the leaves & flower buds of
plants — Eucalyptus globulus & Syzygium aromaticum respectively.
34. Sunn Hemp & Manila Hemp is obtained from the plants — Crotalaria
juncea & Musa textilis respectively.
35. Moonj Fiber — is obtained from leaf of Erianthus munja.
36. Red silk cotton (Saimul) — Obtained from Bombax ceiba.
37. Pili Kapas – Cochlospermum religiosum.
38. The botanical name of Chotti Elaichi— Elettaria cardamomum.
IMPORTANT SPICES AND CONDIMENTS
Name Hindi Name Source Plant Special Features & Family Black pepper Kali mirch Piper nigrum Fruits used as condiments; also used medi- (Piperaceae) nally as stimulant, carminative and stomachic Caraway Jeera Carum carvi Fruits used as condiment, medicinally as (Umbelliferae) stomachic and carminative Cardamomum Chhoti elaichj Elettaria cardamomum Dried fruits used as condiment, in paan; (Zingiberaceae) as flavouring agent; in medicine as stimulant and carminative. Cardamomum Indian Bari elaichi Ammomum aromaticum Seeds used as flavouring agent; seed oil ..■< (Zingiberaceae) stimulant and stomachic Cassia Tejpat Cinnamomum tamala Dried leaves used as condiment; leaves (Lauraceae) are carminative and used in colic and diarrhoea Chillies, Mirch, Lai mirch Capsicum annuum Fruits green and ripe used as condiment; Red pepper (Solanaceae) fruits used as pickle, powerful stimulant and carminative. Good source of vitamin C. Cloves Laung Syzygium aromaticum Dried flower buds used as spice; clove bud (Myrtaceae) oil useful in tooth pain; also as clearing (= Eugenia caryophylius) agent in biology laboratory. Coriander Dhania Coriandrum sativum Fruits and leaves are used as condiment; (Umbelliferae) used as flavouring agent also. Cinnamon Dalchini Cinnamonum zeylanicum Dried inner bark used for its delicate (Lauraceae) fragrance and sweet tasted (= C. verum) Ginger Adrak Zingiber officinale Rhizomes (hands) used as spice and (Zingiberaceae) condiment as well in medicine.
——^ >~^-°* Nutmeg Jaiphal Myristica fragrans Nutmeg (Kernel) and mace (arijf used as (Myristlcaceae) colouring aTilTflavouring agents? Kesar, Jaffran Crocus sativus Stigmas and tops of styles are used as (Iridaceae) colouring and flavouring agents Turmeric Haldi Curcuma domestica Rhizomes used for seasoning of food and as (Zingiberaceae) condiment; medicinally used as stomachic, tonic, blood purifier and antiseptic; also used as colouring agent. Fennel Saunf Foeniculum vulgare Used as flavouring agent for soups, confect- (Umbelliferae) ionaries; fennel oil used in infantile colic, flatulence; good vermicide. Vanilla — Vanilla plant folia Characteristic flavour due to vanillin, flav- (Orchidaceae) ouring agent for ice creams, soft drinks, confectionary.
39 Marijuana or Bhang is made from the leaves and young twigs of plant —
Cannabis sativa.
42. The botanical name of plant Palmyra palm & Toddy Palm which yields
fibers used for making brush are — Borassus flabellifer & Caryota urens
respectively
43. The botanical name of Traveller's Tree is —Ravenala madagascanensis.
Saffron
| SOME IMPORTANT MEDICINES AND THEIR SOURCE PLANTS | |||||||||
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Name | Hindi name | Source plant and Family | Special features | |||||||
1. | Quinine, Chinchona | Kunain | Cinchona calisaya | Bark of trunk is a source of quinine used for treatment of | ||||||
2. 3. | Wormseed withania/Asgand, | Kirmala Ashwagandha | (Rubiaceae) Artemisia martinima (Compoijtae)" *™~ Withamia somnilera | malarial fevers. Flower heads yield santonin used to expel threadworms and roundworms. Roots used for general weakness and rheumatism, it is | ||||||
Punir | (Solanaceae) | diuretic and promotes urination; roots and leaves antibact- | ||||||||
4. | Belladonna / BlackNighshade | Sag-angur | Atropa belladonna | erial. Leaves used as tonic, antispasmodic and sedative; | ||||||
Angurshefa | (Solanaceae) | atropine-an alkaloid obtained from leaves is used in | ||||||||
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5. | Camphor / terpene | Kapur | Cinnamomum | Wood vjeJds_cmphor/ used in inflammations, rheumatic | ||||||
camphora | pain and sprains; and internally in diarrhoea; and as | |||||||||
(Lauraceae) | cardiac stimulant. | |||||||||
6. | Foxglove | Tilpushpi | Digitalis purpurea | Dried leaves_yield digitoxin useful for regulating tone | ||||||
(Scrophulariaceae) | and rhythm of heart, used in ointments for application on | |||||||||
"Bums and wounds. | ||||||||||
7. | Ephedrine | Khanda | Ephedra gerardiana | Dried stem yields ephedrine useful against asthma, | ||||||
(Ephedraceae) | cold, inflamation of mucous membrane; also used as | |||||||||
cardiac stimulant and against allergenic rashes. | ||||||||||
8. | Aconitum; Monks hood | Balnag | Aconitum napellus | Tuberous rhizomes yield drug 'aconite' used | ||||||
(Ranuncuiaceae) | externally for rheumatism and internally to relieve pain | |||||||||
cough, asthma and fever. | ||||||||||
9. | Garlic | Lahsun | Allium sativum | Used in intestinal disorder, cough, lever, in colitis and | ||||||
(Liliaceae) | dilation of coronary arteries. | |||||||||
10. | Ginseng | — | Panax schinseng | Gingseng root is used as stimulant and stomachic; it red- | ||||||
(Araliaceae) | uces high blood pressure and raises low blood pressure. | |||||||||
11. | Ipecae | — | Cephaelis ipecacu- | Annulated rhizomes yield cephaeline used as emetic | ||||||
anha (Rubiaceae) | and expectorant, also in treatment of amoebic dysentery | |||||||||
and pyrrhoea. | ||||||||||
12. | Licorice, Liquorice | Mulathi | Gl^cyrrhiza_glabra | Glycyrrhizin^a glycoside in root is used for treating | ||||||
Papilionaceae | gastric ulcers, cough and sore throat. | |||||||||
13. | Nuxvomica/strychnine | — | Strychnos nux- | Seeds yield a drug 'nux-vomica', used in low doses as | ||||||
Kuchla | vomica (Loganiaceae) | tonicstimulant and in treatment of paralysis and nervous | ||||||||
disorders. Higher doses used for killing stray dogs and | ||||||||||
pests. | ||||||||||
14. | Psyllium, Isabgol | Plantago | Tasteless substances in seeds acts as a mild laxative; | |||||||
Plant ginaceae | used in the treatment of dysentery and other disorders of | |||||||||
digestive system. | ||||||||||
15. | Opium | Afeem | Papa ver somniferun | Milky latex from capsule yields alkaloids especially mor- | ||||||
——— | (Papaveraceae) | phine used to reduce blood pressure, bleeding; to | ||||||||
treat diarrhoea vomitting; and in cough medicines. | ||||||||||
16. | Rauwolfia | Sarpagandha | Rauwolfia serpentina | Roots barkyjejd alkaloid reserpine-used for treatment of | ||||||
(Apocynaceae) | schizophrenia and other mental disorders; widely | |||||||||
employed for '££gtingJiig^Ti_blood_pjressure. | ||||||||||
SOME IMPORTANT | FRUITS | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
Common Name | Indian Name | Botanical Name | Special features | | ||||||
& Family | |||||||||
1. Lime | (a) Kaaghzi Nimbu | Citrus aurantiifolia | Citric acid in fruits, Hespiridium | ||||||
(Rutaceae) | |||||||||
(b) Nimbu | C. aurantiifolia | Unripe fruit is digestive, Hespiridium | |||||||
var. bergamia | |||||||||
2. Sweet orange | Mausambi/Majta | Citrus sinensis | Fruit juice quenches thirstjrnprove appetite giyen | ||||||
(Rutaceae) | To patients; Hespiridium. | ||||||||
4. Mandjjrinjjrarige/ | Santara | Citrus reticulata | Highly nutritious, rich in calcium; Hespiridium. | ||||||
7. Apple | Sev | Malus pumila | Pome; fleshy thalamus edible, Malic acid is chief | ||||||
= Pyrus malus | acid; characteristic smell due to esters and essential | ||||||||
Rosaceae) | oils. | ||||||||
9. Peach | Aroo | Prunus persica | Drupe; eaten raw, also canned | ||||||
(Rosaceae) | |||||||||
10. Pear | Nashpati | Pyrus communis | Pome, rich in sugar, eaten raw and canned. | ||||||
(Rosaceae) | |||||||||
13. Mango | Aam | Mangifera indica | Drupe; Fleshy mesocarp edible, eaten raw; pickled, | ||||||
(Anacardiaceae) | jams prepared, important source of Vitamin A. | ||||||||
14. Banana | Kela | Musa sapientum | Berry; good source of vitamins A, C; rich in minerals | ||||||
= M. paradisiaca | and sugars | ||||||||
(Musaceae) | |||||||||
15. Custard apple | Sharifa | Annona squamosa | Etaerio of berries, fruit eaten fresh | ||||||
Ananas comosus | |||||||||
17. Pineapple | Ananas |
| Sorosis; fleshy axis, bracts, perianth and seeds | ||||||
(Bromeliaceae) | edible. | ||||||||
18. Date palm | Khajur | Phoenix dactylifera | Drupe; rich in sugars, a fermented drink (toddy) is | ||||||
(Palmae) | prepared from the sap. | ||||||||
19. Grapes | Angoor | Vitis vinifera | Berry; eaten raw, used for making raisins and wine | ||||||
(Vitaceae) | 18-25% sugar-mostly glucose and fructose. | ||||||||
20. Guava | Amrood | Psidium guajava | Berry, cheap and rich source of vitamin C and calcium | ||||||
21. Jumbolan | Jamun | Syzygium cumini | Berry, seeds useful in diarrhoea, dysentry and | ||||||
Eugenia jambolana) | diabetes | ||||||||
(Myrtaceae) | |||||||||
22.Litchi | Litchi | Litchi chinensis | One-seeded nut; fleshy aril of seed edible. | ||||||
(Sapindaceae) | |||||||||
23. Muberry | Shehtoot | Morus alba | Sorosis, juicy inflorescence edible; silkworm | ||||||
reared on leaves | |||||||||
24. Fig | Anjeer | Ficus carica | Syconus; fruit edible. | ||||||
(Moraceae) | |||||||||
25. Muskmelon | Kharbuja | Cucumis melo | Pepo; fruit eaten raw. | ||||||
(CucUrbitaceae) | |||||||||
26. Watermelon | Tarbooz | Cucumis melo | Pepo; fruit eaten raw. | ||||||
(Cucurbitaceae) | |||||||||
27. Papaya | Papeete | Carica. papaya | Berry, Raw fruit eaten; contains proteins, minerals, | ||||||
(Caricaceae) | vitamins and enzyme papafn. | ||||||||
28. Pomegranate | Anaar | Punica granatum | Berry, with edible aril, Dried seeds (anardana) used | ||||||
(Punicaceae) | as flavouring substance. | ||||||||
29. Phalsa | Phalsa | Grewia asiatica | Drupe, eaten raw | ||||||
(Tiliaceae) | |||||||||
30. Jujuba | Ber | Zizvphus mauritiana | Drupe, eaten raw. | ||||||
(Rhamnaceae) | |||||||||
31. Emblic | Amla | Emblica officinalis | Rich in vitamin C.used for controlling indigestion. | ||||||
(Rhamnaceae) | |||||||||
Emblica officinalis | |||||||||
(Phylianthusemblica) | |||||||||
(Euphorbiaceae) | |||||||||
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